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In this article, we are discussing world heritage sites in India.
9. Red Fort Complex, Delhi
a) The Red Fort was the residence of Mughal Emperors for almost 200 years, until 1857. It was
built in 1648 by the fifth Mughal Emperor of India, Shah Jahan, as the palace fort of
Shahjahanbad, his new capital.
b) It was the ceremonial & political centre of Mughal government. The Red Fort is built adjacent to
an older fort named Salimgarh which was built by Islam Shah Suri in 1546. Together they make
the Red Fort complex.
c) Red Fort is made up of massive walls of red sandstone and marble. The fort is octagonal in
structure. The fort’s buildings are representative of the Mughal architecture with the use of
marble, floral decorations & double-domed structures. The fort’s architecture has Islamic,
Persian, Timurid & Hindu influences.
d) Red fort complex was listed in the World Heritage Sites list in 2007.
10. Churches & Convents of Goa, Goa
a) The Churches & Convents of Goa were built by Portuguese colonialists between the 16th &
18th centuries. These monuments mostly exist in the former Goan capital called Velha Goa or
Old Goa, a historical city.
b) Known as ‘Rome of the Orient’, these monuments were established by various Catholic
religious orders from 1510 onwards.
c) Some notable monuments are:
i) St. Cathedral (largest church in India)
ii) Church of Saint Francis of Assisi
iii) The Basilica of Bom Jesus
iv) Church of Saint Cajetan in old Goa
d) Most of these monuments are built of laterite stone & their walls are plastered with limestone
mortar mixed with broken shells.
e) UNESCO listed the Churches & Convents of Goa in the World Heritage Sites list in 1986.
11. Champaner – Pavagadh Archaeological Park, Gujarat
a) Champaner – Pavagadh Archaeological Park is located at the foothills of the Pavagadh hill,
around the historical city of Champaner in Gujarat. This city was built by Sultan Mahmud
Begarah in 16th century.
b) Pavagadh hill was a fortress built by Solanki kings and Khichi Chauhans. Later in 1484, Sultan
Mahmud Begarah took possession of the fort & renamed it Muhammadabad.
c) This park largely comprises unexcavated archaeological, historical & cultural properties. Few
important landscapes in the area date back to chalcolithic era.
d) The site also includes other fortifications, palaces, religious buildings, residential precincts,
agricultural & water installation structures.
e) This site is the only complete & unchanged pre-Mughal city. It was inscribed in the World
Heritage site list in 2004.
12. Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, Mumbai
a) Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus, formerly called Victoria Terminus, is a historic railway station &
headquarters of the Central Railway in Mumbai.
b) It was designed by Fredrick William Stevens and formally opened in 1887 to commemorate the
Global Jubilee of Queen Victoria. The station building has influences of Victorian, Italianate and
Gothic Revival architecture.
c) The structure of the monument comprises impressive turrets, pointed arches & eccentric
ground plan that closely resemble the traditional Indian style of architecture.
d) It is one of the busiest railway stations in India. Its former name was changed in March 1996
and it came to be known as Chhatrapati Shivaji Terminus.
e) It was enlisted as a World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2004.
To read the other articles in the series follow :
Capsule 1 :
Capsule 2 :
Capsule 3 :
https://testing.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-3-35266672
Capsule 5 :
https://testing.pagalguy.com/articles/upsc-gk-update-world-heritage-sites-in-india-5-35341786
Capsule 6 :
Capsule 7 :
Capsule 8 :
Capsule 9 :
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