The passage does not state that the modified version of the marshmallow test aimed to correlate self-control with survival advantages.
The differences mentioned in options B, C and D are discussed in the passage. While in the original test, children had to wait for 15 minutes to get the second marshmallow, the longest a cuttlefish waited was 130 seconds. Options C and D are clearly true.
Hence, the answer is 'the former correlated self-control and future success, while the latter correlated self-control and survival advantages.'
Q. 2. Which one of the following, if true, would best complement the passageâs findings?
A. Cuttlefish wait longer than 100 seconds for the shrimp drawer to open up.
B. Cuttlefish live in big groups that exhibit sociability.
C. Cuttlefish cannot distinguish between geometrical shapes.
D. Cuttlefish are equally fond of live grass shrimp and raw prawn.
The key finding of the experiment is that cuttlefish exhibit self-control. According to the passage, species that exhibit self-control are usually social. Cuttlefish are not. But if it were true that cuttlefish exhibit sociability, you could conclude that like most other social creatures, cuttlefish, too, exhibit self-control. So if option B were true, the findings of the passage would be in line with what is generally observed. So, that way, it would complement the findings.
All other options donât relate positively with the passageâs findings. The passage states cuttlefish waited up to 130 sec for the shrimp to be released, so option 1 doesnât add to the findings in any way. If the cuttlefish cannot recognise shapes, then the basic premise of the experimentâ that they see the shape pasted on the drawer and decide whether to waitâ is negated. If cuttlefish are equally fond of shrimp and prawn, there is no reason for them to wait. So, all other options are ruled out.
Hence, the answer is 'Cuttlefish live in big groups that exhibit sociability.'
Q. 3. In which one of the following scenarios would the cuttlefishâs behaviour demonstrate self-control?
A. Asian shore crabs and raw prawns are simultaneously released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.
B. raw prawns are released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a square is placed in front of the cuttlefish.
C. live grass shrimp are released while two raw prawn drawers labelled with a circle and a triangle respectively are placed in front of the cuttlefish; the triangle-labelled drawer is opened after 50 seconds.
D. raw prawns are released while an Asian shore crab drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.
In the experiment, cuttlefish were trained to recognise circle to mean âimmediateâ, triangle to mean âdelayedâ and square to mean âneverâ. The passage also states that cuttlefishesâ favorite food is live grass shrimp, while raw prawns are so-so and Asian shore crab is nearly unacceptable. So, the cuttlefish would demonstrate self -control if they waited for live grass shrimp labelled with a triangle to be opened while other food was readily available.
Hence, the answer is 'Asian shore crabs and raw prawns are simultaneously released while a live grass shrimp drawer labelled with a triangle is placed in front of the cuttlefish, to be opened after one minute.'
Q. 4. Which one of the following cannot be inferred from Alexandra Schnellâs experiment?
A. Intelligence in a species is impossible without sociability.
B. Like human children, cuttlefish are capable of self-control.
C. Cuttlefish exert self-control with the help of diversions.
D. Cuttlefish exercise choice when it comes to food.
The passage states that âmost of the animalsâ that can exercise self-control are social. Cuttlefish exhibit self-control and are not social. So, option A is not inferred from the experiment.
Options B, C and D are easily inferred from the information given in the passage.
Hence, the answer is 'Intelligence in a species is impossible without sociability.'
The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
McGurk and MacDonald (1976) reported a powerful multisensory illusion occurring with audio-visual speech. They recorded a voice articulating a consonant âba-ba-baâ and dubbed it with a face articulating another consonant âga-ga-gaâ. Even though the acoustic speech signal was well recognized alone, it was heard as another consonant after dubbing with incongruent visual speech i.e., âda-da-daâ. The illusion, termed as the McGurk effect, has been replicated many times, and it has sparked an abundance of research. The reason for the great impact is that this is a striking demonstration of multisensory integration, where that auditory and visual information is merged into a unified, integrated percept.
A. When the auditory speech signal does not match the visual speech movements, the acoustic speech signal is confusing and integration of the two is imperfect.
B. When the quality of auditory information is poor, the visual information wins over the auditory information.
C. The McGurk effect which is a demonstration of multisensory integration has been replicated many times.
D. Visual speech mismatched with auditory speech can result in the perception of an entirely different message: this illusion is known as the McGurk effect.
The paragraph given explains the McGurk effectâ the merging of auditory and visual information into a unified integrated percept. Where there is a mismatch of audio and video signals, the message perceived is completely different from either of the signals. Option D summarises the paragraph well.
Option A is incorrect, as it says that the âacoustic speech signal is confusing and integration of the two is imperfectâ. The integration of the signals is not imperfect and both speech and audio signals are perceived differently in case of a mismatch.
Option B is incorrect too, as there is no âwinningâ signal.
What option C states is true, but it does not summarise the main idea of the paragraph.
The answer is 'Visual speech mismatched with auditory speech can result in the perception of an entirely different message: this illusion is known as the McGurk effect.'
Five jumbled up sentences, related to a topic, are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd one out and key in the number of the sentence as your answer:
The legal status of resources mined in space remains ambiguous; and while the market for asteroid minerals is currently nonexistent, this is likely to change as technical hurdles diminish.
Outer space is a commons, and all of it is open for exploration, however, space law developed in the 1950s and 60s is state-centric and arguably ill-suited to a commercial future.
Laws adopted by the US and Luxembourg are first steps, but they only protect firms from competing claims by their compatriots; a Chinese company will not be bound by US law.
Critics say the US is conferring rights that it has no authority to confer; Russia in particular has condemned this, citing the USâ disrespect for international law.
At issue now is commercial activity, as private firmsârather than nation statesâlook to space for profit.
All given sentences other than sentence 4 relate to private commercial activity in space and the limitations of outdated space laws. Sentence 4 starts with Ëcritics⢠which does not link to any of the given sentences.
Sentences 5, 2 and 3 relate to commercial activity by private firms as opposed to nation states in space and the ill-suitability of existing state-centric laws. Sentence 1, on the legal status of space mining, adds to 2. In the order 5213, the sentences given form a cogent paragraph; 4 is the odd one out.
The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
The work is more than the text, for the text only takes on life, when it is realized and furthermore the realization is by no means independent of the individual disposition of the reader.
The convergence of text and reader brings the literary work into existence and this convergence is not to be identified either with the reality of the text or with the individual disposition of the reader.
From this polarity it follows that the literary work cannot be completely identical with the text, or with the realization of the text, but in fact must lie halfway between the two.
The literary work has two poles, which we might call the artistic and the aesthetic; the artistic refers to the text created by the author, and the aesthetic to the realization accomplished by the reader.
Sentences 1 and 2 form a unit: sentence 1 states that text takes on life only when it is realised and that the realisation itself depends on the readerâs disposition. Sentence 2 adds to 1, discussing the convergence of the text and the reader.
In the same way, sentences 4 and 3 form a unit: the âpolarityâ mentioned in 3 is explained in 4.
Sentence 4, in fact, states the main idea of the paragraph â the two poles of every literary work, the text by the author and the realisation accomplished by the reader.
4312 makes a cogent paragraph.
The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
A popular response is the exhortation to plant more trees.
It seems all but certain that global warming will go well above two degreesâquite how high no one knows yet.
Burning them releases it, which is why the scale of forest fires in the Amazon basin last year garnered headlines.
This is because trees sequester carbon by absorbing carbon dioxide.
Sentence 2 is the best opening sentence for the paragraph. Sentence 2 talks about global warming and sentence 1 follows this up with a Ëpopular response⢠to the problemâ the exhortation to plant more trees. Sentence 4 explains why: trees sequester carbon. Sentence 3 adds to 4. So, 2143 is the correct order.
The four sentences (labelled 1, 2, 3, 4) below, when properly sequenced would yield a coherent paragraph. Decide on the proper sequencing of the order of the sentences and key in the sequence of the four numbers as your answer:
In the central nervous systems of other animal species, such a comprehensive regeneration of neurons has not yet been proven beyond doubt.
Biologists from the University of Bayreuth have discovered a uniquely rapid form of regeneration in injured neurons and their function in the central nervous system of zebrafish.
They studied the Mauthner cells, which are solely responsible for the escape behaviour of the fish, and previously regarded as incapable of regeneration.
However, their ability to regenerate crucially depends on the location of the injury.
Sentence 2 is the best opening sentence. Sentence 3 begins with the pronoun Ëthey⢠(which can only refer to the biologists, the subject of sentence 1) and describes what was studied. So, 3 follows 2. The best place for sentence 4 in the paragraph is immediately after 3. Sentence 1, which talks about other species, must be the last sentence of the paragraph. So, 2341 is the correct order.
Five jumbled up sentences, related to a topic, are given below. Four of them can be put together to form a coherent paragraph. Identify the odd one out and key in the number of the sentence as your answer:
There is a dark side to academic research, especially in India, and at its centre is the phenomenon of predatory journals.
But in truth, as long as you pay, you can get anything published.
In look and feel thus, they are exactly like any reputed journal.
They claim to be indexed in the most influential databases, say they possess editorial boards that comprise top scientists and researchers, and claim to have a rigorous peer-review structure.
But a large section of researchers and scientists across the world are at the receiving end of nothing short of an academic publishing scam.
Sentence 1 states the main idea of the paragraph. Sentences 4 and 3 form a unit: 4 explains how the journals are indexed and structured and 3 follows this up stating that they have the look and feel of any reputed journal. This begs the question, ËWhat is then wrong with these journals?⢠Sentence 2 answers this. 1432 forms a cogent paragraph. Sentence 5 talks of an Ëacademic publishing scam⢠but none of the other sentences shed any light on this. So, 5 is the sentence to be eliminated.
The passage given below is followed by four alternate summaries. Choose the option that best captures the essence of the passage.
Developing countries are becoming hotbeds of business innovation in much the same way as Japan did from the 1950s onwards. They are reinventing systems of production and distribution, and experimenting with entirely new business models. Why are countries that were until recently associated with cheap hands now becoming leaders in innovation? Driven by a mixture of ambition and fear they are relentlessly climbing up the value chain. Emerging-market champions have not only proved highly competitive in their own backyards, they are also going global themselves.
A. Developing countries are being forced to invent new business models which challenge the old business models, so they can remain competitive domestically.
B. Innovations in production and distribution are helping emerging economies compete with countries to which they once supplied cheap labour.
C. Competition has driven emerging economies, once suppliers of cheap labour, to become innovators of business models that have enabled them to move up the value chain and go global.
D. Production and distribution models are going through rapid innovations worldwide as developed countries are being challenged by their earlier suppliers from the developing world.