For multiproduct SEZ's, the minimum land requirement is-
Kimberley process certificate scheme is related to-
Which committee recommended the measurements like M0, M1, M2 & M3 :
FDI CAP in various sectors in India
Sector FDI Cap/Equity Entry Route Other Conditions
A. Agriculture
1. Floriculture, Horticulture, Development of Seeds, Animal Husbandry, Pisciculture, Aquaculture, Cultivation of vegetables & mushrooms and services related to agro and allied sectors.
-100% - Automatic
2. Tea sector, including plantation -100% -FIPB
(FDI is not allowed in any other agricultural sector /activity)
B. Industry
1. Mining covering exploration and mining of diamonds & precious stones; gold, silver and minerals.-100% -Automatic
2. Coal and lignite mining for captive consumption by power projects, and iron & steel, cement production. -100% -Automatic
3. Mining and mineral separation of titanium bearing minerals -100%- FIPB
C. Manufacturing
1. Alcohol- Distillation & Brewing-100%-Automatic
2. Coffee & Rubber processing & Warehousing. -100% -Automatic
3. Defence production-26%-FIPB
4. Hazardous chemicals and isocyanates-100%-Automatic
5. Industrial explosives -Manufacture-100% -Automatic
6. Drugs and Pharmaceuticals 100% Automatic
7. Power including generation (except Atomic energy); transmission, distribution and power trading. -100% -Automatic
(FDI is not permitted for generation, transmission & distribution of electricity produced in atomic power plant/atomic energy since private investment in this activity is prohibited and reserved for public sector.)
D. Services
1. Civilaviation (Greenfield projects and Existing projects)-100%-Automatic
2. Asset Reconstruction companies-49%-FIPB
3. Banking (private) sector-74% (FDI+FII). FII not to exceed 49%-Automatic
4. NBFCs : underwriting, portfolio management services, investment advisory services, financial consultancy, stock broking, asset management, venture capital, custodian, factoring, leasing and finance, housing finance, forex broking, etc.-100%-Automatic s.t.minimum capitalisation norms
5. Broadcasting
a. FM Radio -20% - FIPB
b. Cable network-49% (FDI+FII) - FIPB
c. Direct to home-49% (FDI+FII) - FIPB
d. Hardware facilities such as up-linking, HUB.-49% (FDI+FII) - FIPB
e. Up-linking a news and current affairs TV Channel-100% - FIPB
6. Commodity Exchanges-49% (FDI+FII) (FDI 26 % FII 23%) - FIPB
7. Insurance - 26% - Automatic - Clearance from IRDA
8. Petroleum and natural gas :
a. Refining - 49% (PSUs). 100% (Pvt. Companies) - FIPB (for PSUs). Automatic (Pvt.)
9. Print Media
a. Publishing of newspaper and periodicals dealing with news and current affairs - 26% - FIPB -
- S.t.guidelines by Ministry of Information & broadcasting
b. Publishing of scientific magazines / speciality journals/periodicals - 100% - FIPB - S.t.guidelines by Ministry of Information & broadcasting
10. Telecommunications
a. Basic and cellular, unified access services, national / international long-distance, V-SAT, public mobile radio trunked services (PMRTS), global mobile personal communication services (GMPCS) and others. - 74% (including FDI, FII, NRI, FCCBs, ADRs/GDRs, convertible preference shares, etc.
- Automatic up to 49% and FIPB beyond 49%.
Negative list of FDI Sector means those sectors in which FDI is not Permitted.
Lottery Business, including Government /private lottery, online lotteries, etc.
Gambling and Betting, including casinos etc.
Chit funds
Nidhi company
Trading in Transferable Development Rights (TDRs)
Real Estate Business or Construction of Farm Houses
Manufacturing of Cigars, cheroots, cigarillos and cigarettes, of tobacco or of tobacco substitutes
Activities / sectors not open to private sector investment e.g. Atomic Energy and Railway
Transport (other than Mass Rapid Transport Systems).
Entry routes for FDI in India
Investments can be made by non-residents in the equity shares/fully, compulsorily and Mandatorily convertible debentures/ fully, compulsorily and mandatorily convertible preference shares of an Indian company, through two routes;
The Automatic Route: under the Automatic Route, the non-resident investor or the Indian company does not require any approval from the RBI or Government of India for the investment.
The Government Route: under the Government Route, prior approval of the Government of India through Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) is required. Proposals for foreign investment under Government route as laid down in the FDI policy from time to time, are considered by the Foreign Investment Promotion Board (FIPB) in Department of Economic Affairs (DEA), Ministry of Finance.
Foreign Direct Investment ( FDI in India)
FDI is the process whereby residents of one country acquire ownership of assets for the purpose of controlling the production, distribution and other activities of a firm in another country.
Components of FDI
FDI has three components, viz., equity capital, reinvested earnings and intracompany loans.
Equity capital is the foreign direct investor's purchase of share of an enterprise in a country other than its own.
Reinvested earnings comprise the direct investors share (in proportion to direct equity participation) of earnings not distributed as dividends by affiliates, or earnings not remitted to the direct investor. Such retained profits by affiliates are reinvested.
Intra-company loans or intra-company debt transactions refer to short or long term borrowing and lending of funds between direct investors (parent enterprises) and affiliate enterprises.
FDI can be done in the following ways
In order to participate in the management of the concerned enterprise, the stocks of the existing foreign enterprise can be acquired that is also called equity capital investment.
The existing enterprise and factories can be taken over that is a part of Mergers and Acquisitions also known as brownfield projects.
A new subsidiary with 100% ownership can be established abroad.These kind of investments are called green field investment.
It is possible to participate in a joint venture through stock holdings.
New foreign branches, offices and factories can be established.
Existing foreign branches and factories can be expanded.
Minority stock acquisition, if the objective is to participate in the management of the enterprise.
Long term lending, particularly by a parent company to its subsidiary, when the objective is to participate in the management of the enterprise.
TYPES OF BANKS
Deposit Banks
The most important type of deposit banks is the commercial banks.They have connection with the commercial class of people. These banks accept deposits from the public and lend them to needy parties. Since their deposits are for short period only, these banks extend loans only for a short period. Ordinarily these banks lend money for a period between 3 to 6 months. They do not like to lend money for long periods or to invest their funds in any way in long term securities.
Savings Banks
These banks were specially established to encourage thrift among small savers and therefore, they were willing to accept small sums as deposits. They encourage savings of the poor and middle class people. In India we do not have such special institutions, but post offices perform such functions. After nationalisation most of the nationalised banks accept the saving deposits.
Agricultural Banks
Agriculture has its own problems and hence there are separate banks to finance it. These banks are organised on co-operative lines and therefore do not work on the principle of maximum profit for the shareholders. These banks meet the credit requirements of the farmers through term loans, viz., short, medium and long term loans. There are two types of agricultural banks,
(a) Agricultural Co-operative Banks, and(b) Land Mortgage Banks. Co-operative Banks are mainly for short periods. For long periods there are Land Mortgage Banks. Both these types of banks are performing useful functions in India.
Industrial Banks:
Industries require a huge capital for a long period to buy machinery and equipment. Industrial banks help such industrialists. They provide long term loans to industries. Besides, they buy shares and debentures of companies, and enable themto have fixed capital. Sometimes, they even underwrite the debentures and shares of big industrial concerns. The important functions of industrial banks are:
1. They accept long term deposits.2. They meet the credit requirements of industries by extending long term loans.3. These banks advise the industrial firms regarding the sale and purchase of sharesand debentures.The industrial banks play a vital role in accelerating industrial development. In India, after attainment of independence, several industrial banks were started with large paid up capital. They are, The Industrial Finance Corporation (I.F.C.), The State Financial Corporations (S.F.C.), Industrial Credit and Investment Corporation of India (ICICI) and Industrial Development Bank of India (IDBI) etc.
Exchange Banks
These banks finance mostly for the foreign trade of a country. Their main function is to discount, accept and collect foreign bills of exchange. They buy and sell foreign currency and thus help businessmen in their transactions. They also carry on the ordinary banking business. In India, there are some commercial banks which are branches of foreign banks. These banks facilitate for the conversion of Indian currency into foreign currency to make payments to foreign exporters. They purchase bills from exporters and sell their proceeds to importers. They purchase and sell “forward exchange” too and thus minimise the difference in exchange rates between different periods, and also protect merchants from losses arising out of exchange fluctuations by bearing therisk. The industrial and commercial development of a country depends these days, largely upon the efficiency of these institutions.
Miscellaneous Banks
There are certain kinds of banks which have arisen in due course to meet the specialised needs of the people. In England and America, there are investment banks whose object is to control the distribution of capital into several uses.American Trade Unions have got labour banks, where the savings of the labourers are pooled together. In London, there are the London Discount House whose business is “to go about the city seeking for bills to discount.” There are numerous types of different banks in the world, carrying on one or the other banking business.
Various Definitions of Banking
A bank is a person or corporation which holds itself out to receive from the public, deposits payable on demand by cheque.”
As a manufacture of credit and a machine for facilitating exchange.
A bank is an establishment which makes to individuals such advances of money as may be required and safely made, and to which individuals entrust money when not required by them for use.
A Bank is a financial institution which accepts money from the public for the purpose of lending or investment repayable on demand or otherwise withdrawable by cheques, drafts or order or otherwise.
In general A bank is a financial institution which deals in debts and credits. It accepts deposits, lends money and also creates money. It bridges the gap between the savers and borrowers.
A commercial bank is a profit-seeking business firm, dealing in money and credit.
It is a financial institution dealing in money in the sense that it accepts deposits of money from the public to keep them in its custody for safety.
It creates credit by making advances out of the funds received as deposits to needy people.
A bank is, therefore like a reservoir into which flow the savings, the idle surplus money of households and from which loans are given on interest to businessmen and others who need them for investment or productive uses.
MARKETING IN 21 ST CENTURY
Companies are making organizational changes to maintain their growth with the changing environment where departments are developed to manage a segment rather than a product.
Companies are looking forward to developing consumer based brand equity to foster long term relation.
Companies are treating employees, distribution channel, and suppliers as their business partner and not customer.
As consumers are looking forward going online for major of their purchase, businesses are looking towards electronic commerce (e-commerce) as a way forward.
Research has shown online users usually buy music, software, books, apparel, etc. rather than goods like automobiles, house, etc.
Business buyers are also coming online as well as suppliers, thereby substantially reducing the establishment cost. E-Commerce has also open doors for customer to customer relation through social networking and community forums, in which experience and discussion are done with respect to products.
As businesses are moving online, the focus shifts to developing of web sites to provide reliable and correct experience to consumers.
Web site design, maintenance and security are of paramount importance for creating a favorable impression on consumer.
Online marketing and advertisement have got prominence in this internet age.
The new economy had brought forward challenges and opportunities not only for companies but also for consumer.
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Good Article.
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1. Parthasarathi Shome. – for Tax Administration Reform Commission (TARC), Suggest a system to enforce better tax compliance
2. B. Shivraman Committee - Nabard(RRB 2013)
3. Suma Verma Committee - to update, and revise the Banking Ombudsman Scheme, 2006
4. Damodran Committee: on improvement of customer services in banks
5. Shri M. Narasimham Committee: on Banking Sector Reforms
6. Shri Raghuram Rajan Committee: on Financial Sector Reforms,
7. Shri B. Mahapatra Committee: to review the existing prudential guidelines on restructuring of advances by banks/financial institutions
8. Shri Aditya Puri Committee: Dissemination of Credit Information
9. Shri K.U.B. Rao Committee: recommended aligning gold import regulations
10. K M Chandrasekhar committee : for rationalization of foreign investment norms
11. Shri Pulak Kumar Sinha Committee: to study the feasibility of Aadhaar as an additional factor for authentication of card present transactions
12. Mukul Mudgal Committee: looking into US giant Walmart's lobbying activities to enter India
13. MBN Rao Committee: to prepare the blueprint of India's first women's bank
14. Arvind Mayaram Committee –for giving clear definitions to Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) and Foreign Institutional Investment (FII),
15. Committee Set Up On Uttarakhand Floods: The committee will be headed by AK Ganju (Chairman, Ganga Flood Control Commission, Patna)
16. JS Mathur committee : to revise Newspaper Advertisement Rates.
17. K. Ratna Prabha : Committee on indecent depiction of women in media
18. Mukul Mudgal Committee: looking into US giant Walmart's lobbying activities to enter India
19. Mukul Mudgal Committee: to look at process of film clearance
20. MBN Rao Committee: to prepare the blueprint of India's first women's bank
21. SK Srivastava Committee: to formulate a policy on public-private partnership model to raise coal output
22. K M Chandrasekhar Committee – for rationalization of foreign investment norms
24. Janakiraman Committee - To investigate the security transactions of the bank
25. MS Ahluwalia committee - to evaluate aspects related to set up of Nalanda University
26. Sitakant Mahapatra committee - for inclusion of Bhojpuri language in eighth schedule of constitution
27. N R Narayana Murthy committee - for evaluation of corporate sector participation in Higher Education.
28. C Rangarajan committee - for poverty scale estimates in the country
29. MB Shah committee - for inspection of illegal mining activities
30. N Rangachary committee - to examine taxation policies for I.T. sector
31. Parthasarathi Shome committee - implementation of GAAR (General Anti Avoidance Rule)
32. Deepak Parekh committee – for Financing Infrastructure sector
33. Naresh Chandra committee - 14 member task force on security issues
34. Bhandari Committee - Reconstruction of RRBs
35. RS Gujral Committee - suggest measures to boost MSME exports.