GMAT Critical Reasoning Discussions

Hi Ankit,

If you see the Question 2's ... E statement...

The proportion of high school seniors who say that they strongly disapprove of illegal drug use has declined over the last three years.

If the seniors say they strongly disapprove of illegal Drug use has declined...this means that their approval of illegal drug use is increased....This wud obviously cast a doubt on survey results because...the original survey shows a continuing marked decline in the use of illegal drugs ....

Please provide the explanation for this...

Regards
Madhav

Puys,

Please help me with the following CR (with explanation for your answer choice):

1. The current administration and Congress have once again
practiced bad public policy in failing to increase Pell grants or at
least limit their reduction for next years budget. Pell grants improve
access to higher education for those who have historically been
disadvantaged in our society by financial or other life circumstances,
thereby helping recipients elevate themselves to the middle class.
Without that access, the gap between the rich and poor in this
country will continue to widen, increasingly straining the stability of
our democracy.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the
conclusion of this argument?

Total spending on programs targeted at improving access to
higher education for disadvantaged students will increase in
next years federal budget.
The neediest candidates for Pell grants often lack information
about their eligibility for such grants.
Congress recently authorized a bill that will increase afterschool
programs in urban communities.
On average, an individual Pell grant funds less than 15% of
the full cost of attending a four-year college or university.
Federal spending on education for next year will increase as a
percentage of the total budget.


Regards
MSD

*arch* Says
For question (2).. What about option (E)? I must be missing something if i thought it helped to weaken the conclusion.. can you please point out my mistake? Thanks!

Hi jpmadhav and arch,

I'll try to give my explanation for not chosing the E option here -

The statement is - An annually conducted, nationwide survey shows a continuing marked decline in the use of illegal drugs by high school seniors over the last three years.

The option (E) states that :The proportion of high school seniors who say that they strongly disapprove of illegal drug use has declined over the last three years.

If you'll read the question closely, it has asked about "illegal drug use in the teen-age population" and never mentioned the word "high-school seniors". So, if the statement is true about both high school seniors and teenagers, then there is a hidden assumption in the statement made by the survey that most of the high school seniors are teenagers. And option C damages this assumption, weakening the statement, so that is the more appropriate answer.

If option C had not been in the list, definitely option E would have been the best choice.

Somewhere I read that in CRs when you boiled down to 2 choices, try to eliminate the more wrong choice instead of getting more appropriate choice.

Hope it helps...
Arch, I would focus in the phrase "strongly dissaproved".

What does it mean? That may be some dissaprove not so strong as others?, but we can not conclude that because some dissaprove not so strong as others, there are some who approve.

Finally, option C is more direct than E, that's why C is the correct, because it directly undermines the validity of the survey.


An annually conducted, nationwide survey shows a continuing marked decline in the use of illegal drugs by high school seniors over the last three years.

Which of the following, if true, casts most doubt on the relevance of the survey results described above for drawing conclusions about illegal drug use in the teen-age population as a whole?
(A) Because of cuts in funding, no survey of illegal drug use by high school seniors will be conducted next year.
(B) The decline uncovered in the survey has occurred despite the decreasing cost of illegal drugs.
(C) Illegal drug use by teen-agers is highest in those areas of the country where teen-agers are least likely to stay in high school for their senior year.
(D) Survey participants are more likely now than they were three years ago to describe as "heroic" people who were addicted to illegal drugs and have been able to quit.
(E) The proportion of high school seniors who say that they strongly disapprove of illegal drug use has declined over the last three years.
Puys,

Please help me with the following CR (with explanation for your answer choice):

1. The current administration and Congress have once again
practiced bad public policy in failing to increase Pell grants or at
least limit their reduction for next years budget. Pell grants improve
access to higher education for those who have historically been
disadvantaged in our society by financial or other life circumstances,
thereby helping recipients elevate themselves to the middle class.
Without that access, the gap between the rich and poor in this
country will continue to widen, increasingly straining the stability of
our democracy.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the
conclusion of this argument?

Total spending on programs targeted at improving access to
higher education for disadvantaged students will increase in
next years federal budget.
The neediest candidates for Pell grants often lack information
about their eligibility for such grants.
Congress recently authorized a bill that will increase afterschool
programs in urban communities.
On average, an individual Pell grant funds less than 15% of
the full cost of attending a four-year college or university.
Federal spending on education for next year will increase as a
percentage of the total budget.

Statement - Congress has not increased the Pell grants (and actually reduced it for next year's budget), this grant is for helping disadvantaged people to access higher education and come to the level of middle class. If they can't access the higher education, gap between rich and poor will keep increasing and democracy in country will be in jeopardy.
Which option weakens this statement ?

I think A is more relevant so I'll try to explain that.

A - Total spending on programs targeted at improving access to higher education for disadvantaged students will increase in next years federal budget.
The statement seems to be assuming Pell grant as the only way to help disadvantaged people for higher education whereas government might help them in some other ways by increasing the spending on programs for them.

The answer should be A.

Whats the OA ?

A confidential survey revealed that 75 percent of the employees of Company P are dissatisfied with their jobs. However, an investigation into working conditions at the company showed nothing uncommonly bad. Therefore, company P's consulting firm concluded that the employees' dissatisfaction must result from an unusually high incidence of psychological problems on their part.

Each of the following, if true, casts doubt on the consulting firm's conclusion EXCEPT:

(A) In the investigation of working conditions, no account was taken of the fact that for the past year many company P employees worked on a joint venture with company O, at company O's facilities.
(B) Workers in many companies are dissatisfied although there are no apparent problems with their working conditions.
(C) The consulting firm's conception of what constitutes uncommonly bad working conditions is not identical to that of company P's employees.
(D) The reasons given by Company P's employees for their dissatisfaction varied greatly from employee to employee
(E) A battery of sets performed on company P's employees one month ago revealed no significant psychological stresses or problems.

A confidential survey revealed that 75 percent of the employees of Company P are dissatisfied with their jobs. However, an investigation into working conditions at the company showed nothing uncommonly bad. Therefore, company P's consulting firm concluded that the employees' dissatisfaction must result from an unusually high incidence of psychological problems on their part.

Each of the following, if true, casts doubt on the consulting firm's conclusion EXCEPT:

(A) In the investigation of working conditions, no account was taken of the fact that for the past year many company P employees worked on a joint venture with company O, at company O's facilities.
(B) Workers in many companies are dissatisfied although there are no apparent problems with their working conditions.
(C) The consulting firm's conception of what constitutes uncommonly bad working conditions is not identical to that of company P's employees.
(D) The reasons given by Company P's employees for their dissatisfaction varied greatly from employee to employee
(E) A battery of sets performed on company P's employees one month ago revealed no significant psychological stresses or problems.


According to consultation company---- 1) Working conditions are not bad
2)Employees have psychological problems

To cast doubt the choice should weaken one of the above reasons

A. It casts doubt on reason 1. It makes working condition in company P irrelevant so the conclusion of consultation company based on conditions in P is definitely questioned
B. We are concerned with only P. So it should not have a bearing on consultation company's conclusion. If in case if it is true this strengthens the conclusion rather than casting any form of doubt. Looks correct
C. If true this surely questions the evaluation process of the consultation company
D. Each employee may like/dislike a certain conditions. So if the reasons are different it may not state that employees suffer psychologically but instead it points to bad working condition.
E. Certainly questions the conclusion
I think the answer is B

Hey.. yup the OA is (D)..

I chose (B) and I'm unable to find anything wrong with (B).. can you plz explain how you arrived at (D) focusing on why (B) is wrong?

Thanks a lot!


Is the answer D??

My reason for choosing this: This option says that reasons for dissatisfaction varied....thus, suggesting that they were personal rather than organisational...and thus casts no dout over the conclusion

Yeah.. I chose (B) too.. but the OA is (D)..

I'm now thoroughly confused!!


According to consultation company---- 1) Working conditions are not bad
2)Employees have psychological problems

To cast doubt the choice should weaken one of the above reasons

A. It casts doubt on reason 1. It makes working condition in company P irrelevant so the conclusion of consultation company based on conditions in P is definitely questioned
B. We are concerned with only P. So it should not have a bearing on consultation company's conclusion. If in case if it is true this strengthens the conclusion rather than casting any form of doubt. Looks correct
C. If true this surely questions the evaluation process of the consultation company
D. Each employee may like/dislike a certain conditions. So if the reasons are different it may not state that employees suffer psychologically but instead it points to bad working condition.
E. Certainly questions the conclusion
I think the answer is B
Yeah.. I chose (B) too.. but the OA is (D)..

I'm now thoroughly confused!!


Hmmm. Interesting. I don't find B wrong at all. Maybe they are taking D as answer because if people state different things then it points to the psychological aspect. This question is like a third umpires call the question setter has ruled in favor of D :). Stick to the reasoning that helps you make right choices most of the time to avoid being confused πŸ˜ƒ
Well I would try posting my line of reasoning. I hope it helps
The question asked which one of the option would NOT cast doubt.so in a way I searched for an option which may not strengthen the conclusion, but may either support or agree with the conclusion.
Option B may be ruled out as it talks about many companies.how many of them have similar working conditions as that of P is unclear. Also, the conclusion says the employees' dissatisfaction must result from an unusually high incidence of psychological problems on their part., so, if we can find an option which supports this claim that level of dissatisfaction is more because of personal reasons of employees, we would have our answer. The option B does not mention anything to support this reason. It does not mention that why are workers dissatisfied.
This question is like choosing better of the two options. B in all regards is fairly correct, but when you weigh it with D, it looses out.


Tell me if this helps :sarcasm:


Ankit,
Exactly. Let me repeat what you said "Option B may be ruled out as it talks about many companies" . The questions asks which of the following if true would not cast a doubt right?
B is irrelevant here so it is an innocuous choice. Why should it be given in choices is my question? I think all of us can clearly say if it is true it surely doesn't cast a doubt right. This swayed my decision to pick B instead of D.
Shiva,
I have seen many questions for GMAT which have this kind of ambiguity. But, if you see the way question is preseneted in GMAT,may be it would answer your queries... It says..."Pick the best option"...Thus,many difficult questions that you may face for GMAT will have close answer choices, but then you have to select the most appropriate. Perhaps, we shouldnt other about gettin confused. rather, we should at least scan through all answer choices before pickin up our answer. This is usually what i try to do.


Yes Ankit,
I totally agree we have to pick the best and move on. My only question regarding last one was B was totally irrelevant and if the question is about one that doesn't cast a doubt then the one which is irrelevant should be the answer right? But anyway this doesn't seem to be going in any direction πŸ˜ƒ Lets move on πŸ˜ƒ
Hi guys if you could post answer + expla I will appreciate it very much

Which of the following, if true, best completes the argument below?
Comparisons of the average standards of living of the citizens of two countries should reflect the citizens comparative access to goods and services. Reliable figures in a countrys own currency for the average income of its citizens are easily obtained. But it is difficult to get an accurate comparison of average standards of living from these figures, because______
(A) there are usually no figures comparing how much of two different currencies must be spent in order to purchase a given quantity of goods and services
(B) wage levels for the same job vary greatly from country to country, depending on cultural as well as on purely economic factors
(C) these figures must be calculated by dividing the gross national product of a country by the size of its population
(D) comparative access to goods and services is only one of several factors relevant in determining quality of life
(E) the wealth, and hence the standard of living, of a countrys citizens is very closely related to their income

The level of lead contamination in United States rivers declined between 1975 and 1985. Federal regulations requiring a drop in industrial discharges of lead went into effect in 1975, but the major cause of the decline was a 75 percent drop in the use of leaded gasoline between 1975 and 1985.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim that the major cause of the decline in the level of lead contamination in United States rives was the decline in the use of leaded gasoline?
(A) The level of lead contamination in United States rivers fell sharply in both 1975 and 1983.
(B) Most of the decline in industrial discharges of lead occurred before 1976, but the largest decline in the level of river contamination occurred between 1980 and 1985.
(C) Levels of lead contamination in rivers fell sharply in 1975-1976 and rose very slightly over the next nine years.
(D) Levels of lead contamination rose in those rivers where there was reduced river flow due to drought.
(E) Although the use of leaded gasoline declined 75 percent between 1975 and 1985, 80 percent of the decline took place in 1985.
Hi guys if you could post answer + expla I will appreciate it very much
Which of the following, if true, best completes the argument below?
Comparisons of the average standards of living of the citizens of two countries should reflect the citizens comparative access to goods and services. Reliable figures in a countrys own currency for the average income of its citizens are easily obtained. But it is difficult to get an accurate comparison of average standards of living from these figures, because______
(A) there are usually no figures comparing how much of two different currencies must be spent in order to purchase a given quantity of goods and services
(B) wage levels for the same job vary greatly from country to country, depending on cultural as well as on purely economic factors
(C) these figures must be calculated by dividing the gross national product of a country by the size of its population
(D) comparative access to goods and services is only one of several factors relevant in determining quality of life
(E) the wealth, and hence the standard of living, of a countrys citizens is very closely related to their income
The level of lead contamination in United States rivers declined between 1975 and 1985. Federal regulations requiring a drop in industrial discharges of lead went into effect in 1975, but the major cause of the decline was a 75 percent drop in the use of leaded gasoline between 1975 and 1985.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim that the major cause of the decline in the level of lead contamination in United States rives was the decline in the use of leaded gasoline?
(A) The level of lead contamination in United States rivers fell sharply in both 1975 and 1983.
(B) Most of the decline in industrial discharges of lead occurred before 1976, but the largest decline in the level of river contamination occurred between 1980 and 1985.
(C) Levels of lead contamination in rivers fell sharply in 1975-1976 and rose very slightly over the next nine years.
(D) Levels of lead contamination rose in those rivers where there was reduced river flow due to drought.
(E) Although the use of leaded gasoline declined 75 percent between 1975 and 1985, 80 percent of the decline took place in 1985.

Here are my answers -

1. Comparisons of the average standards of living of the citizens of two countries = citizens comparative access to goods and services.
Reliable figures in a countrys own currency for the average income of its citizens are available.

Then, why comparison of average standards of living is difficult to calculate ?

If there are no data which tells that how much money/income does goods and services need in 2 countries, then it is really difficult to compare average standards of living for those 2 countries.

Hence, option A should be correct.
2.Option B - Most of the decline in industrial discharges of lead occurred before 1976, but the largest decline in the level of river contamination occurred between 1980 and 1985.
This points out that decline in lead discharge (occured in 1976) is not the main reason for decline in river contamination (occured after 4 years of decline in lead discharge.)

Answer should be B.

What are the OAs ?

Tks DOpa OA= your answers once again, congrats!

Here are my answers -

1. Comparisons of the average standards of living of the citizens of two countries = citizens comparative access to goods and services.
Reliable figures in a countrys own currency for the average income of its citizens are available.

Then, why comparison of average standards of living is difficult to calculate ?

If there are no data which tells that how much money/income does goods and services need in 2 countries, then it is really difficult to compare average standards of living for those 2 countries.

Hence, option A should be correct.
2.Option B - Most of the decline in industrial discharges of lead occurred before 1976, but the largest decline in the level of river contamination occurred between 1980 and 1985.
This points out that decline in lead discharge (occured in 1976) is not the main reason for decline in river contamination (occured after 4 years of decline in lead discharge.)

Answer should be B.

What are the OAs ?
Puys,

Please help me with the following CR (with explanation for your answer choice):

1. The current administration and Congress have once again
practiced bad public policy in failing to increase Pell grants or at
least limit their reduction for next years budget. Pell grants improve
access to higher education for those who have historically been
disadvantaged in our society by financial or other life circumstances,
thereby helping recipients elevate themselves to the middle class.
Without that access, the gap between the rich and poor in this
country will continue to widen, increasingly straining the stability of
our democracy.
Which of the following, if true, most seriously weakens the
conclusion of this argument?

Total spending on programs targeted at improving access to
higher education for disadvantaged students will increase in
next years federal budget.
The neediest candidates for Pell grants often lack information
about their eligibility for such grants.
Congress recently authorized a bill that will increase afterschool
programs in urban communities.
On average, an individual Pell grant funds less than 15% of
the full cost of attending a four-year college or university.
Federal spending on education for next year will increase as a
percentage of the total budget.


Regards
MSD

My choice is B.
A. Does not talk abt Pill's grant.So out of scope
C. Talks abt a Bill for urban communities.Out of scope
D. This one is tricky but I dont think this can be the answer coz the 15% help could be a great help for the financially disadvantaged
E.Increase in federal spending next year is irrelevant to the matter at hand.
Statement - Congress has not increased the Pell grants (and actually reduced it for next year's budget), this grant is for helping disadvantaged people to access higher education and come to the level of middle class. If they can't access the higher education, gap between rich and poor will keep increasing and democracy in country will be in jeopardy.
Which option weakens this statement ?

I think A is more relevant so I'll try to explain that.

A - Total spending on programs targeted at improving access to higher education for disadvantaged students will increase in next years federal budget.
The statement seems to be assuming Pell grant as the only way to help disadvantaged people for higher education whereas government might help them in some other ways by increasing the spending on programs for them.

The answer should be A.

Whats the OA ?


Yes. The answer is A
my take on these are

1: a ..it rightly picks up the reason and all other answers are unclear

2 : c it gives way to assume that the lead contamination in rivers were continuing which indirectly supports that the decrease was due to drop in the usage of gasoline..

OAs pls
Which of the following, if true, best completes the argument below?
Comparisons of the average standards of living of the citizens of two countries should reflect the citizens' comparative access to goods and services. Reliable figures in a country's own currency for the average income of its citizens are easily obtained. But it is difficult to get an accurate comparison of average standards of living from these figures, because______

(A) there are usually no figures comparing how much of two different currencies must be spent in order to purchase a given quantity of goods and services
The level of lead contamination in United States rivers declined between 1975 and 1985. Federal regulations requiring a drop in industrial discharges of lead went into effect in 1975, but the major cause of the decline was a 75 percent drop in the use of leaded gasoline between 1975 and 1985.
Which of the following, if true, best supports the claim that the major cause of the decline in the level of lead contamination in United States rives was the decline in the use of leaded gasoline?
decline in the level of river contamination occurred between 1980 and 1985.
(C) Levels of lead contamination in rivers fell sharply in 1975-1976 and rose very slightly over the next nine years.

what are the OAs pls

The government-owned gas company has begun selling stoves and other gas appliances to create a larger market for its gas. Merchants who sell such products complain that the competition will hurt their businesses. That may well be; however, the government-owned gas company is within its rights. After all, the owner of a private gas company might will decide to sell such appliances and surely there would be nothing wrong with that.
Which one of the following principles, if valid, most helps justify the reasoning above?
(A) Government-owned companies have the right to do whatever private businesses have the right to do.
(B) A government should always take seriously the complaints of merchants.
(C) Private businesses have not right to compete with government monopolies.
(D) There is nothing wrong with a government-owned company selling products so long as owners of private companies do not complain.
(E) There is nothing wrong with private companies competing against each other.


Reducing speed limits neither saves lives nor protects the environment. This is
because the more slowly a car is driven, the more time it spends on the road spewing exhaust into the air and running the risk of colliding with other vehicles.
The arguments reasoning is flawed because the argument
(A) neglects the fact that some motorists completely ignore speed limits.
(B) Ignore the possibility of benefits from lowering speed limits other than environmental and safety benefits.
(C) Fails to consider that if speed limits are reduced, increased driving times will increase the number of cars on the road at any given time.
(D) Presumes, without providing justification, that total emissions for a given automobile trip are determined primarily by the amount of time the trip takes
(E) Presumes, without providing justification, that drivers run a significant risk of collision only if they spend a lot of time on the road.


People who do not believe that others distrust them are confident in their own abilities, so people who tend to trust others think of a difficult task as a challenge rather than a threat, since this is precisely how people who are confident in their won abilities regard such tasks.
The conclusion above follows logically if which one of the following is assumed?
(A) People who believe that others distrust them tend to trust others.
(B) Confidence in ones own abilities gives one confidence in the trustworthiness of others.
(C) People who tend to trust others do not believe that others distrust them.
(D) People who are not threatened by difficult tasks tend to find such tasks challenging.


Mullen has proposed to raise taxes on the rich, who made so much money during the past decade. Yet Mullens tax records show heavy investment in business during that time and large profits; so Mullens proposal does not deserve our consideration.
The flawed reasoning in the argument above is most similar to the flawed reasoning in which one of the following?
(A) Do not vote for Smiths proposed legislation to subsidize child care for working parents; Smith is a working parent.
(B) Do not put any credence in Dr. Hans recent proposal to ban smoking in all public places; Dr. Han is a heavy smoker.
(C) The previous witnesss testimony ought to be ignored; he has been convicted of both forgery and mail fraud.
(D) Board member Timms proposal to raise the salaries of the companys middle managers does not deserve to be considered; Timms daughter is a middle manager at the companys headquarters.
(E) Dr. Wasows analysis of the design of this bridge should not be taken seriously; after all, Dr. Wasow has previously only designed factory buildings.


Shy adolescents often devote themselves totally to a hobby to help distract them from the loneliness brought on by their shyness. Sometimes they are able to become friends with others who share their hobby. But if they lose interest in that hobby, their loneliness may be exacerbated. So developing an all-consuming hobby is not a successful strategy for overcoming adolescent loneliness.
Which one of the following assumptions does the argument depend on?
(A) Eventually, shy adolescents are going to want a wider circle of friends than is provided by their hobby.
(B) No successful strategy fro overcoming adolescent loneliness ever intensifies that loneliness.
(C) Shy adolescents will lose interest in their hobbies if they do not make friends through their engagement in those hobbies.
(D) Some other strategy for overcoming adolescent loneliness is generally more successful than is developing an all-consuming hobby.
(E) Shy adolescents devote themselves to hobbies mainly because they want to make friends.

Guys please xplain the above 5 CRs..

wat r the oa's for this pls