RC:
Science does not grow by simple accumulation. The carefully observed, criticised, and theoretically schematised knowledge that is transmitted to the archive is not thereafter hoarded in secret vaults; it becomes the free property of all men including the scientists themselves, and is instrumental in the generation of further knowledge.
Nor is a scientific observer an inflexible machine, fully formed by his education. Being himself involved in the generation of new knowledge, he is continually revising his own creative and critical standards in the light of scientific progress. As the means become evident, as the possibilities present themselves, as new doors are opened by his own work or by the work of other scientists, he constructs more sensitive apparatus, seeks to confirm recent predictions, applies new theoretical formalisms, reinterprets previous discoveries, or conceives new programs of research. In other words, scientific activity is self-catalysing and self-correcting; it is governed by the outlook and directed towards the problems of its own day, as perceived by its human practitioners.
To illustrate this dynamic process, it would be necessary to penetrate into the obscure history of some particular branch of science, to show what information was potentially available to each research worker at the time, to note deficiencies of communication, and external stimuli that gave inspiration, to wonder at imaginative leaps and inexplicable blockages. The sources of invention turn out to be extraordinarily subtle and episodic, revealing little more than the diversity of human behaviour in unfamiliar circumstances.
Our immediate concern, however, is not so much with the psychology of discovery as with the sociology of belief. How does the scientific community react to the appearance of genuine new knowledge - in its ideal form, a well-ordered and convincing network of facts and interpretations, such as the theory of special relativity or Pasteur's clinching demonstration of the bacterial causation of disease?
After the initial period of scepticism and resistance, a major, new scientific principle carries all before it. Having been the subject of intense research, having stood the test of many efforts at refutation, it acquires a highly reputable, almost unchallengeable status. It is the pride and joy of its creators, who are rewarded with recognition, who teach it with relish and who cannot resist imposing it inexorably on acquiescent juniors. To embed oneself mentally in the new theory, to demonstrate one's mastery of it, to make it the basis of one's research is progressive and up-to-date. A whole new area of knowledge is quickly explored and mapped out as a consequence of the 'breakthrough'.
Here again, we need not go into the question of whether the long-term progress of science is ideally served by such waves of enthusiasm. What we should note is that the new principle - a metaphorical map of some corner of the world of nature - is rapidly internalised by every scientist to whom it seems relevant. It is not just something that he reads about in the scientific journals or a technical device that he can pick up, use and put down again as the occasion demands. As he solves problems with it, teaches it to his students and argues about it amongst his colleagues; he assimilates it as a concept, until it becomes a part of him. From the 1930's onwards, quantum mechanics, for all its philosophical paradoxes, was not just a 'theory' that could be used, if necessary, to explain atomic phenomena. Instead, to the atomic physicist, quantum mechanics had become reality; it was no longer possible to think physically in any other categorical language.
Thus, from a scientific revolution, evolves a new paradigm. Or, in the language of the visual metaphor, the map has become a picture.
Which of the following is not part of the process of a scientific breakthrough becoming a new area of knowledge?a.It goes through intense scrutiny and exhaustive attempts at refutation.
b.Having been an object of intense research, it attains a highly reputable and almost unchallenged status.
c.National pride sweeps away any resistance that the scientific community may have on the theory.
d.As a researcher propagates a theory and attains mastery of it, it becomes a basis for further research.
Which of the following statements can be inferred from the passage?a.The rigorous testing to which a new discovery is subjected brings out many other related ideas, which base themselves on the original discovery.
b.Scientists and academicians do not consider scientific journals as authentic sources of information.
c.The framework of ideas around which a new discovery is constructed is rigorously examined and verified.
d.The application of a new theory in scientific practice may result in a state when it becomes a construct without which a particular topic cannot be studied or understood.
The tone of the passage can be best described asa.verbose and contrived
b.analytical and succinct
c.effusive and awed
d.apathetic and indifferent
Which of the following cannot be inferred from the passage?a.Science is the free property of all men and thus, is instrumental in the generation of new knowledge.
b.The scientific method requires the investigator to keep questioning his own findings, and more importantly, keep in touch with the developments in the discipline to test the validity of his research.
c.A new discovery that is not whole-heartedly accepted by the scientific community is invariably doomed to failure.
d.While a new idea is not welcomed unanimously with open arms, once rigorously tested, it proceeds to gain acceptance and respectability.
The tone of the passage suggests that the author isa.a woman journalist.
b.a social scientist.
c.a literary critic.
d.a science fiction writer.
-CL Mock