In the story I will tell, Systems 1 and 2 are both active whenever we are awake. System 1 runs automatically and System 2 is normally in a comfortable low-effort mode, in which only a fraction of its capacity is engaged. System 1 continuously generates sug_gestions for System 2: impressions, intuitions, intentions, and feelings. If endorsed by System 2, impressions and intuitions turn into beliefs, and impulses turn into voluntary actions. When all goes smoothly, which is most of the time, System 2 adopts the suggestions of System 1 with little or no modification.
When System 1 runs into difficulty, it calls on System 2 to support more detailed and specific processing that may solve the problem of the moment. System 2 is mobilized when a question arises for which System 1 does not offer an answer, as probably happened to you when you encountered the multiplication problem 17 x 24. You can also feel a surge of conscious atten_tion whenever you are surprised. System 2 is activated when an event is de_tected that violates the model of the world that System 1 maintains. Surprise then activates and orients your attention: you will stare, and you will search your memory for a story that makes sense of the surprising event. System 2 is also credited with the continuous monitoring of your own behavior-the control that keeps you polite when you are angry, and alert when you are driving at night.
The division of labor between System 1 and System 2 is highly efficient: it minimizes effort and optimizes performance. The arrangement works well most of the tune because System 1 is generally very good at what it does: its models of familiar situations are accurate, its short-term predictions are usu_ally accurate as well, and its initial reactions to challenges are swift and gener_ally appropriate. System 1 has biases, however, systematic errors that it is prone to make in specified circumstances. As we shall see, it sometimes answers easier questions than the one it was asked, and it has little understanding of logic and statistics. One further limitation of System 1 is that it cannot be turned off. If you are shown a word on the screen in a language you know, you will read it-unless your attention is totally focused elsewhere.
Question 1
What is the relationship between System 1 and System 2?
A)
System 2 is mobilized to increased effort when it detects an error is about to be made by System 1.
B)
System 2 minimizes the effort and optimizes the performance of System 1.
C)
The two systems are interchangeable in function, but one utilizes lesser energy and hence is usually the default mode of operation.
D)
System 1 turns to System 2 whenever it encounters a situation where it does not have any readymade answers.
Question 2
In an experiment, volunteers were asked to count the number of basketball passes members of a team wearing white uniforms made to each other. The other team members on the court were wearing black uniforms. During the course of the play a man wearing a black gorilla suit walks into the court and walks off.
After the observation phase is over volunteers are asked to tell the moderator how many basketball passes happened. They are then quizzed if they noticed the gorilla walk past. Most of them do not recollect the incident.
Based on your understanding of this passage, which of the following statements represents an adequate explanation for the experiment discussed above.
A)
Some attention is needed for a surprising stimulus to be detected.
B)
System 2 stops working when System 1 is active.
C)
You generally believe your impressions and act on your desires, and that is fine usually.
D)
Most of what you do originates in System 1, but system 2 takes over when things get difficult.
Question 3
All of the following represent a situation where System 2 listens to System 1 when it should not be doing so, except..
A)
Multiplication of 12 x 3.
B)
An estimation of the probability of two people in a room filled with 27 people, sharing the same birthday.
C)
A bat and a ball together cost Rs. 110. The bat costs Rs. 100 more than the ball. What is the cost of the ball?
D)
Without using a pen, read out the number which is formed by adding 3 to each of the digits of the number - 6413.
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