RC Set 8
I did my first degree in Oxford. In my final examination, I was asked about my future plans. I replied, if you give me a first class degree, I will go to Cambridge. If I only get a second, I will stay in Oxford. They gave me a first. I arrived in Cambridge as a graduate student in October 1962. I had applied to work with Fred Hoyle, the principal defender of the steady state theory and the most famous British astronomer of the time. I say astronomer because cosmology was at that time, hardly recognized as a legitimate field, yet that was where I wanted to do my research, inspired by having been on a summer course with Hoyle' s student, Jayant Narlikar. However, Hoyle had enough students already, so to my great disappointment, I was assigned to Dennis Sharma, of whom I had not heard. But it was probably for the best. Hoyle was away a lot, seldom in the department, and I wouldn't have had much of his attention. Sharma, on the other hand, was usually around and ready to talk. I didn't agree with many of his ideas, particularly on Mach's principle, but that stimulated me to develop my own picture.
When I began research, the two areas that seemed exciting were cosmology and elementary particle physics. Elementary, particles was the active, rapidly changing field that attracted most of the best minds,while cosmology and general relativity were stuck where they had been in the 1930s. Feynman has given an amusing account of attending the conference on general relativity and gravitation in Warsaw in 1962. Ina letter to his wife, he said, “I am not getting anything out of the meeting. I am learning nothing. Because there are no experiments, this field is not an active one, so few of the best men are doing work in it. The result is that there are hosts of dopes here and it is not good for my blood pressure. Remind me not tocome to any more gravity conferences!”
Of course, I wasn't aware of all this when I began my research. But I felt that elementary particles at that time, was too like botany. Quantum electro dynamics, the theory of light and electrons that governs chemistry and the structure of atoms, had been worked out completely in the 40s and 50s. Attention had now shifted to the weak and strong nuclear forces between particles in the nucleus of an atom, but similar field theories didn't seem to work. Indeed, the Cambridge school, in particular, held that there was no underlying field theory. Instead, everything would be determined by unitarity, that is, probability conservation,and certain characteristic patterns in the scattering. With hind sight, it now seems amazing that it was thought this approach would work, but I remember the scorn that was poured on the first attempts at unified field theories of the weak nuclear forces. Yet it is these field theories that are remembered and the analytic S matrix work is forgotten. I'm very glad I didn't start my research in elementary particles. None of my work from that period would have survived.
Cosmology and gravitation, on the other hand, were neglected fields that were ripe for development at that time. Unlike elementary particles, there was a well defined theory, the general theory of relativity, but this was thought to be impossibly difficult. People were so pleased to find any solution of the field equations,they didn't ask what physical significance, if any, it had. This was the old school of general relativity that Feynman encountered in Warsaw. But the Warsaw conference also marked the beginning of the renaissance of general relativity, though Feynman could be forgiven for not recognizing it at the time.
a) Why was cosmology not a popular field for research?
1. Not much development had occurred in the field of cosmology and general relativity after the
1930s.
2. It was extremely difficult and its physical significance was not recognized.
3. There was nothing that could be learnt as it was an inactive field and there were no experiments
being conducted.
(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 1and 3 (d) 2 and 3
b) Which of the following is a suitable title for the passage?
(a) Revival of Cosmology
(b) Cosmology and Elementary Particle Physics in mid 1900s
(c) My life in Physics
(d) Revival of general relativity
c) Which of the following statements is/are true according to the passage?
1. Cambridge was wrong in criticizing field theories in elementary particle physics.
2. Gravitation and Theory of Relativity was ignored because of lack of physical evidence.
3. Hoyle would have been better guide for the author had he (Hoyle) been more often available at
the campus.
(a) Only 1 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 1 and 3 (d) Only 3
RC Set 8
OA:
A) c
B) a
C) a
OA:
A) c
B) a
C) a
@Exodia : Are you sure of the OA? This article is written by Stephen Hawking...titled "My life in Physics" ....So, for B) the answer should be C
RC Set 9
That there is an irrelevant representative or descriptive element in many great works of art is not in the least surprising. Representation is not of necessity baneful, and highly realistic forms may be extremely significant. Very often, however, representation is a sign of weakness in an artist. A painter too feeble to create formsthat provoke more than a little aesthetic emotion will try to eke that little out by suggesting the emotions of life. To evoke the emotions of life he must use representation. Thus a man will paint an execution, and, fearing to miss with his first barrel of significant form, will try to hit with his second by raising an emotion of fear or pity. But if in the artist an inclination to play upon the emotions of life is often the sign of a flickering inspiration, in the spectator a tendency to seek, behind form, the emotions of life is a sign of defective sensibility always. It means that his aesthetic emotions are weak or, at any rate, imperfect.
Before a work of art people who feel little or no emotion for pure form find themselves at a loss. They are deaf men at a concert. They know that they are in the presence of something great, but they lack the power of apprehending it. They know that they ought to feel for it a tremendous emotion, but it happens that the particular kind of emotion it can raise is one that they can feel hardly or not at all. And so they read into the forms of the work those facts and ideas for which they are capable of feeling emotion, and feel for them the emotions that they can feel €”the ordinary emotions of life. When confronted by a picture, instinctively they refer back its forms to the world from which they came.
They treat created form as though it were imitated form, a picture as though it were a photograph. Instead of going out on the stream of art into a new world of aesthetic experience, they turn a sharp corner and come straight home to the world of human interests. For them the significance of a work of art depends on
what they bring to it; no new thing is added to their lives, only the old material is stirred. A good work of visual art carries a person who is capable of appreciating it out of life into ecstasy: to use art as a means to the emotions of life is to use a telescope for reading the news. You will notice that people who cannot feel pure aesthetic emotions remember pictures by their subjects; whereas people who can, as often as not, have no idea what the subject of a picture is. They have never noticed the representative element, and so when they discuss pictures they talk about the shapes of forms and the relations and quantities of colours. Often they can tell by the quality of a single line whether or not a man is a good artist. They are concerned only with lines and colours, their relations and quantities and qualities; but from these they win an emotion more profound and far more sublime than any that can be given by the description of facts and ideas.
Q1. According to the passage, an artist whose painting of an event looks like a photograph is likely to be
(a) a great artist.
(b) a flawed artist.
(c) a plagiarist.
(d) someone who cannot be called an artist.
Q2. €?Deaf men at a concert €? suggests that the author
(a) believes that some people cannot appreciate art because they try too hard.
(b) believes that some people do not understand art and aesthetics.
(c) believes that concerts can be appreciated only by experts.
(d) believes that the common man cannot understand or appreciate art.
Q3. According to the passage, a person who cannot remember the subject of a picture is likely to be
(a) capable of really appreciating art and feeling pure aesthetic emotions.
(b) not capable of really appreciating art and feeling pure aesthetic emotions.
(c) a deaf man at a concert.
(d) a person who uses a telescope to read the news.
That there is an irrelevant representative or descriptive element in many great works of art is not in the least surprising. Representation is not of necessity baneful, and highly realistic forms may be extremely significant. Very often, however, representation is a sign of weakness in an artist. A painter too feeble to create formsthat provoke more than a little aesthetic emotion will try to eke that little out by suggesting the emotions of life. To evoke the emotions of life he must use representation. Thus a man will paint an execution, and, fearing to miss with his first barrel of significant form, will try to hit with his second by raising an emotion of fear or pity. But if in the artist an inclination to play upon the emotions of life is often the sign of a flickering inspiration, in the spectator a tendency to seek, behind form, the emotions of life is a sign of defective sensibility always. It means that his aesthetic emotions are weak or, at any rate, imperfect.
Before a work of art people who feel little or no emotion for pure form find themselves at a loss. They are deaf men at a concert. They know that they are in the presence of something great, but they lack the power of apprehending it. They know that they ought to feel for it a tremendous emotion, but it happens that the particular kind of emotion it can raise is one that they can feel hardly or not at all. And so they read into the forms of the work those facts and ideas for which they are capable of feeling emotion, and feel for them the emotions that they can feel €”the ordinary emotions of life. When confronted by a picture, instinctively they refer back its forms to the world from which they came.
They treat created form as though it were imitated form, a picture as though it were a photograph. Instead of going out on the stream of art into a new world of aesthetic experience, they turn a sharp corner and come straight home to the world of human interests. For them the significance of a work of art depends on
what they bring to it; no new thing is added to their lives, only the old material is stirred. A good work of visual art carries a person who is capable of appreciating it out of life into ecstasy: to use art as a means to the emotions of life is to use a telescope for reading the news. You will notice that people who cannot feel pure aesthetic emotions remember pictures by their subjects; whereas people who can, as often as not, have no idea what the subject of a picture is. They have never noticed the representative element, and so when they discuss pictures they talk about the shapes of forms and the relations and quantities of colours. Often they can tell by the quality of a single line whether or not a man is a good artist. They are concerned only with lines and colours, their relations and quantities and qualities; but from these they win an emotion more profound and far more sublime than any that can be given by the description of facts and ideas.
Q1. According to the passage, an artist whose painting of an event looks like a photograph is likely to be
(a) a great artist.
(b) a flawed artist.
(c) a plagiarist.
(d) someone who cannot be called an artist.
Q2. €?Deaf men at a concert €? suggests that the author
(a) believes that some people cannot appreciate art because they try too hard.
(b) believes that some people do not understand art and aesthetics.
(c) believes that concerts can be appreciated only by experts.
(d) believes that the common man cannot understand or appreciate art.
Q3. According to the passage, a person who cannot remember the subject of a picture is likely to be
(a) capable of really appreciating art and feeling pure aesthetic emotions.
(b) not capable of really appreciating art and feeling pure aesthetic emotions.
(c) a deaf man at a concert.
(d) a person who uses a telescope to read the news.
@abclki said:@Exodia : Are you sure of the OA? This article is written by Stephen Hawking...titled "My life in Physics" ....So, for B) the answer should be C
I too agree vd you..it has to be C.It's biopic kind of article not supporting any theory of cosmology or theory of relativity. The article focuses on Hawking's college life and his thinking regarding Cosmology.
@exodia
RC 9
b b
a
Hi guys... how r u doing? thread seems to be going fine...
finally i m back after a hiatus... one rc a day from my side now...
RC 10
Bruce Robbins's excellent article points up the paradox of cosmopolitanism - that it seems 'perpetually torn between an empirical dimension and a normative dimension'. For Robbins, the paradox of cosmopolitanism is rooted in the limited empirical sense of political community. For genuine democracy people need to belong to the same 'community of fate', and there is at present little evidence of such a sense of cosmopolitan consciousness. Although leading (Western) governments make claims in support of cosmopolitan human rights established by virtue of membership of a common humanity, their practice is often limited by the 'communitarian' reality. The lack of 'shared fate' leads to inequalities in practice as governments are often reluctant to sacrifice either treasury resources or military lives in the cause of others, and citizens appear unwilling to shoulder the tax burdens involved in any potential cosmopolitan
redistribution of wealth and opportunities.
Robbins suggests that it would be wrong to use the empirical limits to cosmopolitan practices as an argument against normative cosmopolitan claims. He asserts that there is 'no possibility of simply choosing the actual over the normative' and instead suggests that we should accept that the 'contradiction' exists. A solution to the problem lies in political change which seeks 'to bring abstraction and actuality together'. A 'Left cosmopolitanism' is one that denies 'the past authority over the present' - the empirical reality that 'there is as yet little evidence of transnational solidarity' should be the justification for engagement and struggle on the side of the progressive cosmopolitan cause. This campaigning perspective is advocated by several cosmopolitan theorists who, in different ways, seek to develop ideas and mechanisms whereby global civil society can encourage and further cosmopolitan practices against the communitarian inclinations of national governments and their electorates.
This article suggests that the 'cosmopolitan paradox' - the gap between universal aspiration and hierarchical practice - is not merely one of cosmopolitan 'consciousness' lagging behind an immanent cosmopolitan 'reality'. Rather, the paradox is rooted in the essence of the cosmopolitan thesis itself. The limitations of abstract normative cosmopolitan conceptions of 'rights' and 'responsibilities', in a world structured by economic and social inequalities, raise major questions over the progressive claims made by cosmopolitan theorists. In fact, rather than challenging existing international structures of power, there is a real danger that the cosmopolitan impulse will legitimize a much more hierarchical set of international relationships.
Whether the cosmopolitan aspiration takes the form of Robbins's call for a transnational welfare safety net or claims for the protection and promotion of a more extensive range of human rights, all cosmopolitan perspectives reflect the increasing prominence of individual rights claims in the international sphere. Leading cosmopolitan theorists seek to challenge the restrictions of the UN Charter framework, imposed by the major powers in the aftermath of the Second World War, which formally prioritized the 'state-based' principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. They argue that these principles need to be replaced by a new set of cosmopolitan principles, which make the universal individual rights of members of 'global society' the primary focus.
1. Which of the following is a part of 'the empirical dimension' in the passage ?
(a) Shared fate
(b) Universal Aspiration
(c) Inequalities in practices
(d) The cosmopolitan paradox.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(a) Cosmopolitan theorists seek to legitimize a much more hierarchical set of international
relationships.
(b) Cosmopolitan theorists feel that the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention need to be
implemented at a global level.
(c) The theories and conceptions of cosmopolitanism are responsible for the cosmopolitan paradox.
(d) Cosmopolitan consciousness does not really lag behind an immanent cosmopolitan reality.
3. The author is primarily concerned with
(a) exploring the Cosmopolitan paradox and solutions and reasons for the same.
(b) exploring the tussle between the advocates of nationalism and cosmopolitanism.
(c) arguing that the Cosmopolitan paradox will continue to exist.
(d) enthusing that 'empirical reality' is not an excuse to do away with Cosmopolitan aspirations.
redistribution of wealth and opportunities.
Robbins suggests that it would be wrong to use the empirical limits to cosmopolitan practices as an argument against normative cosmopolitan claims. He asserts that there is 'no possibility of simply choosing the actual over the normative' and instead suggests that we should accept that the 'contradiction' exists. A solution to the problem lies in political change which seeks 'to bring abstraction and actuality together'. A 'Left cosmopolitanism' is one that denies 'the past authority over the present' - the empirical reality that 'there is as yet little evidence of transnational solidarity' should be the justification for engagement and struggle on the side of the progressive cosmopolitan cause. This campaigning perspective is advocated by several cosmopolitan theorists who, in different ways, seek to develop ideas and mechanisms whereby global civil society can encourage and further cosmopolitan practices against the communitarian inclinations of national governments and their electorates.
This article suggests that the 'cosmopolitan paradox' - the gap between universal aspiration and hierarchical practice - is not merely one of cosmopolitan 'consciousness' lagging behind an immanent cosmopolitan 'reality'. Rather, the paradox is rooted in the essence of the cosmopolitan thesis itself. The limitations of abstract normative cosmopolitan conceptions of 'rights' and 'responsibilities', in a world structured by economic and social inequalities, raise major questions over the progressive claims made by cosmopolitan theorists. In fact, rather than challenging existing international structures of power, there is a real danger that the cosmopolitan impulse will legitimize a much more hierarchical set of international relationships.
Whether the cosmopolitan aspiration takes the form of Robbins's call for a transnational welfare safety net or claims for the protection and promotion of a more extensive range of human rights, all cosmopolitan perspectives reflect the increasing prominence of individual rights claims in the international sphere. Leading cosmopolitan theorists seek to challenge the restrictions of the UN Charter framework, imposed by the major powers in the aftermath of the Second World War, which formally prioritized the 'state-based' principles of sovereignty and non-intervention. They argue that these principles need to be replaced by a new set of cosmopolitan principles, which make the universal individual rights of members of 'global society' the primary focus.
1. Which of the following is a part of 'the empirical dimension' in the passage ?
(a) Shared fate
(b) Universal Aspiration
(c) Inequalities in practices
(d) The cosmopolitan paradox.
2. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
(a) Cosmopolitan theorists seek to legitimize a much more hierarchical set of international
relationships.
(b) Cosmopolitan theorists feel that the principles of sovereignty and non-intervention need to be
implemented at a global level.
(c) The theories and conceptions of cosmopolitanism are responsible for the cosmopolitan paradox.
(d) Cosmopolitan consciousness does not really lag behind an immanent cosmopolitan reality.
3. The author is primarily concerned with
(a) exploring the Cosmopolitan paradox and solutions and reasons for the same.
(b) exploring the tussle between the advocates of nationalism and cosmopolitanism.
(c) arguing that the Cosmopolitan paradox will continue to exist.
(d) enthusing that 'empirical reality' is not an excuse to do away with Cosmopolitan aspirations.
@Exodia
RC 9
1>d
2>b
3>a
RC 9
1>d
2>b
3>a
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aditi88
Reply #44110:24 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: Kindly do not highlight the OA ...wait for a few responses...Thanks!!!
i myslf copied t frm smwr tats why cld nt edit it ...neways ths ws an easy one i took 3 variables hnce became tedious
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Reply #44210:27 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: i myslf copied t frm smwr tats why cld nt edit it ...neways ths ws an easy one i took 3 variables hnce became tedious
Ohk...No problem...
Could you provide the OA to the PJs..I have answered the ones you had put up...
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #44310:27 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205@saurav205 said: 4-ACBDE
why cant the option be 1 can u plz xplain any particular reason for taking D after B
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Reply #44410:30 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: 2-BDACE
nope even i thot the same ans is D
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Reply #44510:32 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: option 1 - AEBCD
nope option is C evn i marked 1...
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Reply #44610:34 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said:@saurav205 why cant the option be 1 can u plz xplain any particular reason for taking D after B
CB is a definite link...
C introduces the past and B talks about what actually happened in the past..
so option 1,2 and 5 get eliminated...
eliminated option 3 cause A is a better opening sentence than C(which is the case in option 3.)
Hope this clears your doubt...
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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aditi88
Reply #44710:42 PM, 12 Feb '13
4.
a>As soon as a website has been developed ,it has to go thru a series of tests ,similar to those an automobile goes thru ,including a 'crash' test .
b>Testing in fact ,becomes much more important in time based .bussiness related sites,such as in the case of stock broking sites.
c>It's as simple as testing an automobile that's just left the assembly line .At least the concept is the same.
d>What's interesting is that some firms have converted this need of any dotcom company into a business opportunity.
e>However,the testing process after the development of the site can take a long tym and in some cases ,prove expensive.
1>CAEBD 2>CADBE 3>ABCDE 4> BCADE 5>DBACE
OA 'C' but i dunno how c became an opener plzzzzzzzzzzz xplian who ever is solving???
thanks in advance..
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Reply #44810:45 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: nope option is C evn i marked 1...
lemme check on this one and the other one as well...
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #44910:45 PM, 12 Feb '13
hmm ok
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Reply #45011:00 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said:4.a>As soon as a website has been developed ,it has to go thru a series of tests ,similar to those an automobile goes thru ,including a 'crash' test .b>Testing in fact ,becomes much more important in time based .bussiness related sites,such as in the case of stock broking sites.c>It's as simple as testing an automobile that's just left the assembly line .At least the concept is the same.d>What's interesting is that some firms have converted this need of any dotcom company into a business opportunity.e>However,the testing process after the development of the site can take a long tym and in some cases ,prove expensive.1>CAEBD 2>CADBE 3>ABCDE 4> BCADE 5>DBACEOA 'C' but i dunno how c became an opener plzzzzzzzzzzz xplian who ever is solving???thanks in advance..
eliminate option 1 and 2...C cannot be the starting sentence ..we do not know what does the "It's" in C refer to. after reading all the sentences you know that the "It's" mentioned in C refers to the testing of a website.
In option 5 - D cannot be the starting sentence. The "this" in D refers to what?? We do not know , but after reading all the sentences we know that the "this" mentioned in D refers to the "need to test a website, before its goes live". Hence eliminate option 5.
option 4 - makes no logical sequence.
Hence option 3 - ABCDE.
P.S. :
Please do not mention the OA...Especially for PJs...there is no point in solving the PJs then, as I already know the answer...
I request you to wait for a few hours and let the people try..You can then post the OA.
Else post the questions on the relevant thread, i.e. there is a thread for PJs...you can post them there and you'll get quick responses..
After a few replies you can post the OA.
Thanks
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #45111:09 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: eliminate option 1 and 2...C cannot be the starting sentence ..we do not know what does the "It's" in C refer to. after reading all the sentences you know that the "It's" mentioned in C refers to the testing of a website.In option 5 - D cannot be the starting sentence. The "this" in D refers to what?? We do not know , but after reading all the sentences we know that the "this" mentioned in D refers to the "need to test a website, before its goes live". Hence eliminate option 5.option 4 - makes no logical sequence.Hence option 3 - ABCDE.P.S. :Please do not mention the OA...Especially for PJs...there is no point in solving the PJs then, as I already know the answer...I request you to wait for a few hours and let the people try..You can then post the OA.Else post the questions on the relevant thread, i.e. there is a thread for PJs...you can post them there and you'll get quick responses..After a few replies you can post the OA.Thanks
hey im so sorry i posted the wrong answer man c is my answer (a) is the answer given fr ths PJ.
Thats why i asked "Why 'c' is an opener"....srry again..
and i told the answer coz i want to know why 'C' became an opener.Neways i want sum1 to comment..i think the answer given is wrong.
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Reply #45211:14 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: hey im so sorry i posted the wrong answer man c is my answer (a) is the answer given fr ths PJ.Thats why i asked "Why 'c' is an opener"....srry again..and i told the answer coz i want to know why 'C' became an opener.Neways i want sum1 to comment..i think the answer given is wrong.
ma'am I am confused now.
Is the OA option 3??
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #45311:16 PM, 12 Feb '13
no (a) is the right one as mentioned in the soln sirji
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Reply #45411:29 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: no (a) is the right one as mentioned in the soln sirji
Yar I give up...
Do not know how it should be A..whats the source of these questions??
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Reply #45512:05 AM, 13 Feb '13
Guys, which is the best book for logical Reasoning, which contains basic as well as CAT level questions?I have TIME material. But that I feel is basic. Is Arun Sharma good for LR? Pls suggest some good book. Thanks
Once I start I get too lazy to slow down-Abraham Lincoln
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Reply #45612:13 AM, 13 Feb '13
@ThankYou said:Guys, which is the best book for logical Reasoning, which contains basic as well as CAT level questions?I have TIME material. But that I feel is basic. Is Arun Sharma good for LR? Pls suggest some good book. Thanks
Arun sharma is good....you can try tf as well....they have good questions....also handa's sir techniques are good....
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #45712:14 AM, 13 Feb '13
For Brazil, it's a way of life. Football, or futebol, as it is known there, forms a unique link with the mind and music of the land.
Last month, Edurado Gaspar, the former Brazilian player who is now a director at Corinthians, was stopped by a bloke outside the club's stadium. "Can you give me 10 real ($5)? I'm borrowing money to go to Japan, " the man told Eduardo. As he got the money, the guy took a piece of paper from his pocket and wrote "10 real" against Eduardo's name. He was jotting down exactly what everyone had given him, so he could pay them back.
In weeks leading to December 16, when Paolo Guerrero's second-half goal sunk Chelsea in the final of the Club World Cup, thousands of Corinthians fans borrowed money from friends, sold cars, took loans from banks and even quit jobs to claim pension funds so that they could go to Japan and cheer their team. Some 20, 000 of them made it, with many of them shacking up with some 200, 000 Brazilians who live there.
At $450 million, Corinthians is the richest Brazilian football brand but majority of its fans come from the city's working-class quarters. They are known as the Fiel - the Faithful. If the term has a religious overtone, it's a coincidence because football in this country is not like a religion. It's the religion. And the fans are the faith-keepers who are expected to know their rituals.
A couple of years ago, I watched a match between Flamengo and Botafogo clubs at the Maracana stadium in Rio. As we sat in a hub of Flamengo fans, I couldn't help notice that many of them were not watching the game - at all. They were beating drums, singing songs, chanting cheers, waving flags, burning firecrackers, throwing confetti in the air - everything but watching the action on the pitch. It seemed as if they were creating a wave of energy with their drums and cheers, hoping it to carry the ball into Botafogo's goal. It was a symbiotic relationship between the players and fans which reached orgasmic levels when a goal happened.
This relationship didn't happen in a day. It took decades. It can explain Brazil's love for football. Actually, it can explain Brazil itself.
Till 1894, no one knew the game here. Then an English lad Charles Miller, who was born in Sao Paulo but learnt football during his trips to England, came back with some balls and a rule book. The teenager organised a few teams, comprising only British men working here. Then upper class - and white - Brazilians, who had seen the game on visits to Europe, started forming their clubs and a league was born here in Sao Paulo in 1901. Rio followed suit.
As rich boys played football on the city's green lawns, the boys of colour - black and of mixed race - watched it from the margins. Picking up discarded balls, they honed their skills in the narrow lanes of favelas sitting on hillocks. With 20 boys fighting for a ball in streets few feet wide, the boys devised new tricks every day to dribble and control the ball. Soon, they began to knock at the clubs' doors. With their speed and samba-like rhythm, they dazzled everyone. While they stood at the bottom of the social ladder, in football they were at the top. And with almost 50 per cent of its population belonging to 'coloured' group, it wasn't possible to keep them away from football.
The last country to abolish slavery in 1888, Brazil was an unequal society in the beginning of the 20th century. For the rich, there were no rules. For the poor, there were enough rules to keep them in poverty. The only place with fair play was the football pitch. When the rich lads committed fouls, whistles were blown and flags raised;when poor boys slipped the ball into their opponent's goals, they were awarded with matches and trophies.
Even as they fought for survival in their ghettos, the poor found salvation on football field, where one's skin tone or money or family ties didn't matter. The only thing that mattered was one's ability to dance with the ball between his two feet. For ordinary Brazilians, the idea of social justice that they did not see in their daily life became possible. They embraced it. And when their boys played the beautiful game, the whole favelas turned up to watch and cheer. That was the beginning of some lifelong relationships and dreams.
So, last month when Corinthians fans were borrowing money and quitting their jobs, they were just reminding themselves of their dream.
Plz write the summary n central idea of the passage .....so that we can discuses it .
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aditi88
Reply #44110:24 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: Kindly do not highlight the OA ...wait for a few responses...Thanks!!!
i myslf copied t frm smwr tats why cld nt edit it ...neways ths ws an easy one i took 3 variables hnce became tedious
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Reply #44210:27 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: i myslf copied t frm smwr tats why cld nt edit it ...neways ths ws an easy one i took 3 variables hnce became tedious
Ohk...No problem...
Could you provide the OA to the PJs..I have answered the ones you had put up...
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #44310:27 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205@saurav205 said: 4-ACBDE
why cant the option be 1 can u plz xplain any particular reason for taking D after B
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Reply #44410:30 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: 2-BDACE
nope even i thot the same ans is D
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Reply #44510:32 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: option 1 - AEBCD
nope option is C evn i marked 1...
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Reply #44610:34 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said:@saurav205 why cant the option be 1 can u plz xplain any particular reason for taking D after B
CB is a definite link...
C introduces the past and B talks about what actually happened in the past..
so option 1,2 and 5 get eliminated...
eliminated option 3 cause A is a better opening sentence than C(which is the case in option 3.)
Hope this clears your doubt...
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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aditi88
Reply #44710:42 PM, 12 Feb '13
4.
a>As soon as a website has been developed ,it has to go thru a series of tests ,similar to those an automobile goes thru ,including a 'crash' test .
b>Testing in fact ,becomes much more important in time based .bussiness related sites,such as in the case of stock broking sites.
c>It's as simple as testing an automobile that's just left the assembly line .At least the concept is the same.
d>What's interesting is that some firms have converted this need of any dotcom company into a business opportunity.
e>However,the testing process after the development of the site can take a long tym and in some cases ,prove expensive.
1>CAEBD 2>CADBE 3>ABCDE 4> BCADE 5>DBACE
OA 'C' but i dunno how c became an opener plzzzzzzzzzzz xplian who ever is solving???
thanks in advance..
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Reply #44810:45 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: nope option is C evn i marked 1...
lemme check on this one and the other one as well...
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #44910:45 PM, 12 Feb '13
hmm ok
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Reply #45011:00 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said:4.a>As soon as a website has been developed ,it has to go thru a series of tests ,similar to those an automobile goes thru ,including a 'crash' test .b>Testing in fact ,becomes much more important in time based .bussiness related sites,such as in the case of stock broking sites.c>It's as simple as testing an automobile that's just left the assembly line .At least the concept is the same.d>What's interesting is that some firms have converted this need of any dotcom company into a business opportunity.e>However,the testing process after the development of the site can take a long tym and in some cases ,prove expensive.1>CAEBD 2>CADBE 3>ABCDE 4> BCADE 5>DBACEOA 'C' but i dunno how c became an opener plzzzzzzzzzzz xplian who ever is solving???thanks in advance..
eliminate option 1 and 2...C cannot be the starting sentence ..we do not know what does the "It's" in C refer to. after reading all the sentences you know that the "It's" mentioned in C refers to the testing of a website.
In option 5 - D cannot be the starting sentence. The "this" in D refers to what?? We do not know , but after reading all the sentences we know that the "this" mentioned in D refers to the "need to test a website, before its goes live". Hence eliminate option 5.
option 4 - makes no logical sequence.
Hence option 3 - ABCDE.
P.S. :
Please do not mention the OA...Especially for PJs...there is no point in solving the PJs then, as I already know the answer...
I request you to wait for a few hours and let the people try..You can then post the OA.
Else post the questions on the relevant thread, i.e. there is a thread for PJs...you can post them there and you'll get quick responses..
After a few replies you can post the OA.
Thanks
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #45111:09 PM, 12 Feb '13
@saurav205 said: eliminate option 1 and 2...C cannot be the starting sentence ..we do not know what does the "It's" in C refer to. after reading all the sentences you know that the "It's" mentioned in C refers to the testing of a website.In option 5 - D cannot be the starting sentence. The "this" in D refers to what?? We do not know , but after reading all the sentences we know that the "this" mentioned in D refers to the "need to test a website, before its goes live". Hence eliminate option 5.option 4 - makes no logical sequence.Hence option 3 - ABCDE.P.S. :Please do not mention the OA...Especially for PJs...there is no point in solving the PJs then, as I already know the answer...I request you to wait for a few hours and let the people try..You can then post the OA.Else post the questions on the relevant thread, i.e. there is a thread for PJs...you can post them there and you'll get quick responses..After a few replies you can post the OA.Thanks
hey im so sorry i posted the wrong answer man c is my answer (a) is the answer given fr ths PJ.
Thats why i asked "Why 'c' is an opener"....srry again..
and i told the answer coz i want to know why 'C' became an opener.Neways i want sum1 to comment..i think the answer given is wrong.
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Reply #45211:14 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: hey im so sorry i posted the wrong answer man c is my answer (a) is the answer given fr ths PJ.Thats why i asked "Why 'c' is an opener"....srry again..and i told the answer coz i want to know why 'C' became an opener.Neways i want sum1 to comment..i think the answer given is wrong.
ma'am I am confused now.
Is the OA option 3??
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #45311:16 PM, 12 Feb '13
no (a) is the right one as mentioned in the soln sirji
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Reply #45411:29 PM, 12 Feb '13
@aditi88 said: no (a) is the right one as mentioned in the soln sirji
Yar I give up...
Do not know how it should be A..whats the source of these questions??
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Reply #45512:05 AM, 13 Feb '13
Guys, which is the best book for logical Reasoning, which contains basic as well as CAT level questions?I have TIME material. But that I feel is basic. Is Arun Sharma good for LR? Pls suggest some good book. Thanks
Once I start I get too lazy to slow down-Abraham Lincoln
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Reply #45612:13 AM, 13 Feb '13
@ThankYou said:Guys, which is the best book for logical Reasoning, which contains basic as well as CAT level questions?I have TIME material. But that I feel is basic. Is Arun Sharma good for LR? Pls suggest some good book. Thanks
Arun sharma is good....you can try tf as well....they have good questions....also handa's sir techniques are good....
Born a RED..Will die a RED!!! YNWA!!!!
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Reply #45712:14 AM, 13 Feb '13
For Brazil, it's a way of life. Football, or futebol, as it is known there, forms a unique link with the mind and music of the land.
Last month, Edurado Gaspar, the former Brazilian player who is now a director at Corinthians, was stopped by a bloke outside the club's stadium. "Can you give me 10 real ($5)? I'm borrowing money to go to Japan, " the man told Eduardo. As he got the money, the guy took a piece of paper from his pocket and wrote "10 real" against Eduardo's name. He was jotting down exactly what everyone had given him, so he could pay them back.
In weeks leading to December 16, when Paolo Guerrero's second-half goal sunk Chelsea in the final of the Club World Cup, thousands of Corinthians fans borrowed money from friends, sold cars, took loans from banks and even quit jobs to claim pension funds so that they could go to Japan and cheer their team. Some 20, 000 of them made it, with many of them shacking up with some 200, 000 Brazilians who live there.
At $450 million, Corinthians is the richest Brazilian football brand but majority of its fans come from the city's working-class quarters. They are known as the Fiel - the Faithful. If the term has a religious overtone, it's a coincidence because football in this country is not like a religion. It's the religion. And the fans are the faith-keepers who are expected to know their rituals.
A couple of years ago, I watched a match between Flamengo and Botafogo clubs at the Maracana stadium in Rio. As we sat in a hub of Flamengo fans, I couldn't help notice that many of them were not watching the game - at all. They were beating drums, singing songs, chanting cheers, waving flags, burning firecrackers, throwing confetti in the air - everything but watching the action on the pitch. It seemed as if they were creating a wave of energy with their drums and cheers, hoping it to carry the ball into Botafogo's goal. It was a symbiotic relationship between the players and fans which reached orgasmic levels when a goal happened.
This relationship didn't happen in a day. It took decades. It can explain Brazil's love for football. Actually, it can explain Brazil itself.
Till 1894, no one knew the game here. Then an English lad Charles Miller, who was born in Sao Paulo but learnt football during his trips to England, came back with some balls and a rule book. The teenager organised a few teams, comprising only British men working here. Then upper class - and white - Brazilians, who had seen the game on visits to Europe, started forming their clubs and a league was born here in Sao Paulo in 1901. Rio followed suit.
As rich boys played football on the city's green lawns, the boys of colour - black and of mixed race - watched it from the margins. Picking up discarded balls, they honed their skills in the narrow lanes of favelas sitting on hillocks. With 20 boys fighting for a ball in streets few feet wide, the boys devised new tricks every day to dribble and control the ball. Soon, they began to knock at the clubs' doors. With their speed and samba-like rhythm, they dazzled everyone. While they stood at the bottom of the social ladder, in football they were at the top. And with almost 50 per cent of its population belonging to 'coloured' group, it wasn't possible to keep them away from football.
The last country to abolish slavery in 1888, Brazil was an unequal society in the beginning of the 20th century. For the rich, there were no rules. For the poor, there were enough rules to keep them in poverty. The only place with fair play was the football pitch. When the rich lads committed fouls, whistles were blown and flags raised;when poor boys slipped the ball into their opponent's goals, they were awarded with matches and trophies.
Even as they fought for survival in their ghettos, the poor found salvation on football field, where one's skin tone or money or family ties didn't matter. The only thing that mattered was one's ability to dance with the ball between his two feet. For ordinary Brazilians, the idea of social justice that they did not see in their daily life became possible. They embraced it. And when their boys played the beautiful game, the whole favelas turned up to watch and cheer. That was the beginning of some lifelong relationships and dreams.
So, last month when Corinthians fans were borrowing money and quitting their jobs, they were just reminding themselves of their dream.
Plz write the summary n central idea of the passage .....so that we can discuses it .
@Exodia
Set 9
1 B
2 B
3 A
what's this?
No clue man....somehow postsof sme other forum hs got posted here....
RC Set 9
OA :
1) B
2) B
3) A
Source :Past CL Paper
OA :
1) B
2) B
3) A
Source :Past CL Paper
