Pls someone guide me, how to improve upon my RC's. I have a terrible accuracy in these questions and now a days, the no of RC's is increasing with every mock test.
In England the burden of history weighs heavily on common law, that unwritten code of time-honored laws derived largely from English judicial custom and precedent. Students of contemporary British law are frequently required to study medieval cases, to interpret archaic Latin maxims, or to confront doctrinal principles whose validity is based solely on their being part of the “timeless reason” of the English legal tradition. Centuries-old custom serves as the basis both for the divisions of law school subject matter and for much of the terminology of legal redress. Connected not only with legal history but also with the cultural history of the English people,common law cannot properly be understood without taking a long historical view.
Yet the academic study of jurisprudence has seldom treated common law as a constantly evolving phenomenon rooted in history; those interpretive theories that do acknowledge the antiquity of common law ignore the practical contemporary significance of its historical forms. The reasons forth is omission are partly theoretical and partly political. In theoretical terms, modern jurisprudence has consistently treated law as a unified system of rules that can be studied at any given moment in time as a logical whole. The notion of jurisprudence as a system of norms or principles deemphasizes history in favor of the coherence of a system. In this view,the past of the system is conceived as no more than the continuous succession of its states of presence. In political terms, believing in the logic of law is a necessary part of believing in its fairness; even if history shows the legal tradition to be far from unitary and seldom logical, the prestige of the legal institution requires that jurisprudence treat the tradition as if it were, in essence, the application of known rules to objectively determined facts. To suggest otherwise would be dispiriting for the student and demoralizing for the public.
Legal historian Peter Goodrich has argued,however, that common law is most fruitfully studied as a continually developing tradition rather than as a set of rules. Taking his cue from the study of literature, Goodrich sees common law as a sort of literary text, with history and tradition serving as the text's narrative development. To study the common law historically, says Goodrich, is to study a text in which fiction is as influential as analysis, perception as significant as rule, and the play of memory as strong as the logic of argument. The concept of tradition, for Goodrich, implies not only the preservation and transmission of existing forms, but also the continuous rewriting of those forms to adapt them to contemporary legal circumstances.
1. Which one of the following statements best expresses the main idea of the passage?
(A) The residual influences of common law explain not only the divisions of subject matter but also the terminology associated with many legal procedures.(B) In the academic study of jurisprudence, theoretical interpretations of common law have traditionally been at odds with political interpretations of common law.
(C) Common law, while often treated as an oral history of the English people, would, according to one scholar, be more fruitfully studied as a universally adaptable and constantly changing system of rules.
(D) Although obviously steeped in history and tradition, common law has seldom been studied in relation to its development, as one theorist proposes that it be understood.
(E) Although usually studied as a unitary and logical system of rules and norms, the history of common law shows that body of law to be anything but consistent and fair.
2. It can be inferred that the author of the passage believes which one of the following about the history of law in relation to modern jurisprudence?
(A) Modern jurisprudence misinterprets the nature of the legal tradition.(B) The history of law proves the original forms of common law to be antiquated and irrelevant to modern jurisprudence.
(C) The history of law, if it is to be made applicable to modern jurisprudence, is best studied as a system of rules rather than as a literary text.
(D) Mainstream theories of modern jurisprudence overlook the order and coherence inherent in legal history.
(E) Mainstream theories of modern jurisprudence, by and large devoid of a sense of legal history, are unnecessarily dispiriting to students and the public alike.
3. Which one of the following would best exemplify the kind of interpretive theory referred to in the first sentence of the second paragraph of the passage?
(A) a theory that traced modern customs involving property ownership to their origins in medieval practice(B) a theory that relied on a comparison between modern courtroom procedures and medieval theatrical conventions
(C) a theory that analyzed medieval marriage laws without examining their relationship to modern laws
(D) a theory that compared the development of English common law in the twentieth century with simultaneous developments in German common law without examining the social repercussions of either legal system
(E) a theory that compared rules of evidence in civil courts with those in criminal courts
4. It can be inferred from the passage that Peter Goodrich would be most likely to agree with which one of the following statements concerning common law?
(A) Common law is more fruitfully studied as a relic of the history of the English people than as a legal code.(B) The “text” of common law has degenerated from an early stage of clarity to a current state of incoherence.
(C) Without the public's belief in the justness of common law, the legal system cannot be perpetuated.
(D) While rich in literary significance, the “text” of common law has only a very limited applicability to modern life.
(E) The common law “text” inherited by future generations will differ from the one currently in use.
5. Which one of the following best defines the word “political” as it is used in the second paragraph of the passage?
(A) concerned with the ways by which people seek to advance themselves in a profession(B) concerned with the covert and possibly unethical methods by which governments achieve their goals
(C) having to do with the maintenance of ethical standards between professions and the citizenry
(D) having to do with the maintenance of an institution's effectiveness
(E) having to do with the manner in which institutions are perceived by radical theorists
6. The passage states that students of British law are frequently required to study
(A) histories of English politics(B) episodes of litigation from the Middle Ages
(C) treatises on political philosophy
(D) histories of ancient Roman jurisprudence
(E) essays on narrative development
7. Which one of the following best describes the author's opinion of most modern academic theories of common law?
(A) They are overly detailed and thus stultifying to both the student and the public.(B) They lack an essential dimension that would increase their accuracy.
(C) They overemphasize the practical aspects of the common law at the expense of the theoretical.
(D) They excuse students of the law from the study of important legal disputes of the past.
(E) They routinely treat the study of the law as an art rather than as a science.
8. The primary purpose of the passage is to
(A) explain a paradoxical situation and discuss a new view of the situation(B) supply a chronological summary of the history of an idea
(C) trace the ideas of an influential theorist and evaluate the theorist's ongoing work
(D) contrast the legal theories of past eras with those of today and suggest how these theories should be studied
(E) advocate a traditional school of thought while criticizing a new trend
@scrabbler Sir, help needed
This is from CAT 2003 paper
Modern science, exclusive of geometry, is a comparatively recent creation and can be said to have originated with Galileo and Newton. Galileo was the first scientist to recognize clearly that the only way to further our understanding of the physical world was to resort to experiment. However obvious Galileo's contention may appear in the light of our present knowledge, it remains a fact that the Greeks, in spite of their proficiency in geometry, never seem to have realized the importance of experiment. To a certain extent this may be attributed to the crudeness of their instruments of measurement. Still, an excuse of this sort can scarely be put forward when the elementary nature of Galileo's experiments and observations is recalled. Watching a lamp oscillate in the cathedral of Pisa, dropping bodies from the leaning tower of Pisa, rolling balls down inclined planes, noticing the magnifying effect of water in a spherical glass vase, such was the nature of Galileo's experiments and observations. As can be seen, they might just as well have been performed by the Greeks. At any rate, it was thanks to such experiments that Galileo discovered the fundamental laws of dynamics, according to which acceleration imparted to a body is proportional to the force acting upon it.
According to the author, why did the Greeks NOT conduct experiments to understand the physical world?
(1) Apparently they did not think necessary to experiment.
(2) They focused exclusively on geometry.
(3) Their instruments of measurement were very crude.
(4) The Greeks considered the application of geometry to the physical world more important.
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In the hope of settling this dispute, I ask you to consider the history of literary women. It turns out, oddly, to be also a prolific history of “men,” among whom the most celebrated are Currer, Acton and Ellis Bell (Charlotte, Anne and Emily Brontë), George Eliot (Mary Ann Evans), George Sand (Amandine Aurore Lucie Dupin), Isak Dinesen (Karen Blixen), Vernon Lee (Violet Paget).
The motive behind these necessary masquerades is hardly an urge to hide. Instead, it is a cry for recognition and a means of evading belittlement, or worse yet, the curse of not being noticed at all. The most pointed symptom and symbol of this pervasive fear is the poignant exchange between the 20-year-old Charlotte Brontë and Robert Southey, England's poet laureate. Humbly and diffidently, she had sent him a sampling of her poems, trusting that he might acknowledge the worth of what she knew to be her “single, absorbing, exquisite gratification.”
His notorious reply, while conceding her “faculty of verse,” is nearly all that remains of his once powerful fame. “Literature,” he chided, “cannot be the business of a woman's life, and it ought not to be. The more she is engaged in her proper duties, the less leisure she will have for it, even as an accomplishment and a recreation.” If such condescending sentiments leave a contemporary writer feeling sick at heart, Brontë thought the letter “kind and admirable; a little stringent, but it did me good.”
The Orange Prize, then, was not born into an innocent republic of letters. Nor need we thumb through past centuries to discover the laureate's enduring principle. After gaining a modicum of notice following an eclipse lasting years, I was once praised, as a kind of apology, by a prominent editor with these surprising words: “I used to think of you as a lady writer” — an inborn condition understood to be frivolous and slight, and from which recovery is almost always anomalous.
So much for the defense of a reparative award dedicated solely to writers who are women. Advocacy of this sort, vigorously grounded as it is in a darker chamber of the literary continuum, is not the Orange's only defense. We are reminded that there are, abundantly, prizes for regional writers, for black writers, for Christian writers, for Jewish writers, for prison writers, for teenage writers, for science writers, and on and on. Why must a prize for women's writing be the single object of contention?
Yet this argument will not hold water. Each such category signals a particular affinity, or call it, more precisely, a culture (and in the case of Jews and Christians, a deeper and broader civilization), and women are integral to all of them. To argue for femaleness-as-culture is to condemn imaginative and intellectual freedom and to revert to the despised old anatomy-is-destiny.
Q35. The author is likely to agree with which of the following?
(a) Women writers look for recognition from their male counterparts and this has led to their subservience in the field of literature.
(b) Orange prize is another form of the old condescending attitudes of the literary establishment towards women.
(c) The prizes given exclusively to cultural groups are justified but the same cannot be said for prizes exclusive to women.
(d) Women writers have had to face much derision in the past and the Orange Prize has come as a form of reprieve.
Q36. Why does the author bring up the instance where she was called a 'lady writer' in paragraph 4?
(a) The author wishes to demonstrate the prejudiced views of an important individual.
(b) The author wants to prove that women writers are inherently different.
(c) The author wants to argue that there is a genuine case for the Orange prize being a reparative measure.
(d) The author wants to demonstrate that opinions regarding women writers have not changed since the time of Robert Southey.
Q37. Why does the author ultimately concede 'this argument will not hold water'?
1. There are no awards that women writers are barred from competing for.
2. The award categorises women writers as a separate culture.
3. The award works against the principles of intellectual freedom.
(a) 1 and 3 (b) 1 and 2 (c) 2 and 3 (d) Only 3
Source -CL
Nonetheless, Sereny on Stangl has much in common with Arendt on Adolf Eichmann. Both resisted the easy characterisation of evil as something done by people with horns and funny accents: that is, done by people not like you and me. What is so terrifying about the work of Sereny is that she makes evil look ordinary and every day. And in this way she shows us how close we all could be to it. The myth she seeks to expose is that evil people are somehow qualitatively different. Stangl wasn't much of a man, she insists. He was more concerned with the neatness of his uniform and with getting things done efficiently and decently. Stangl had no perception of the big picture. He saw himself a minor functionary, just obeying orders and doing his best. His whole identity was so bound up in this function that it was only at the very end of his life that he was able to glimpse something of his own guilt. The sociologist Gillian Rose once challenged those who represent the Holocaust to do so in a way that doesn't just lead to identification with the victims, but in a way that also leads to the deeply uncomfortable identification with the perpetrators. One of the most morally transformative experiences one can have is to catch one's own reflection in the face of the Nazi murderer. For this can prompt a sort of spiritual crisis in a person and thus act to warn us not to be so trusting of our own virtue. Evil is not done by other people. It is done by people like us. No wonder some got so angry at Sereny's work. She was blamed for being too soft on murderers, of understanding them too much. But her writing was driven by something much deeper than soft-hearted liberal understanding. She took the reader on a journey not just into the dark soul of the Nazi guard, but also into darkness that is our own. And no one was going to thank her for that. Except that one of the most important ways to avoid evil – or whatever one wants to call it – is by having the self-critical vigilance that such a journey can scare you into developing. Which is why her work is among the bravest and most significant literature of the century.
The author is least likely to agree with which of the following?
a It is easy to view people who commit evil acts as being different from the rest of us.
b Sereny's work can make readers uncomfortable.
c The discovery that the potential to commit evil acts is present in everybody can be terrifying.
d Sereny's work has an important role in enabling people to understand the true nature of evil.
hey guys ..... how r u preparing for rc
Please tell me link to study cat reading comprehensions??
Before there were books, before, even, there was the written word in civilization, there must surely have been stories told. Relating stories to one another is a unique way that we, as humans, communicate thoughts, needs, desires, and instruction. Whether it be the true story of what happened on the way to the well yesterday—a story meant to instruct about the latest water situations—or a dramatic retelling of a long-ago battle—a cautionary tale meant to warn against unnecessary warfare—stories have the unique ability to bring home information and instruct in a way a mere recitation of the facts cannot.
The Tale, the Parable, and the Fable are all common and popular modes of conveying instruction—each being distinguished by its own special characteristics. The true Fable, if it rises to its high requirements, ever aims at one great end and purpose: the representation of human motive, and the improvement of human conduct, and yet it so conceals its design under the disguise of fictitious characters, by clothing with speech the animals of the field, the birds of the air, the trees of the wood, or the beasts of the forest, that the reader receives the advice without perceiving the presence of the adviser. Thus the superiority of the counsellor, which often renders counsel unpalatable, is kept out of view, and the lesson comes with the greater acceptance when the reader is led, unconsciously to himself, to have his sympathies enlisted on behalf of what is pure, honourable, and praiseworthy, and to have his indignation excited against what is low, ignoble, and unworthy.
The true fabulist, therefore, is charged with a most important function. He is neither a narrator, nor an allegorist, he is a great teacher, a corrector of morals, a censor of vice, and a commender of virtue. In this consists the superiority of the Fable over the Tale or the Parable. The fabulist is to create a laugh, but yet, under a merry guise, to convey instruction. Phaedrus, the great imitator of Aesop, plainly indicates this double purpose to be the true office of the writer of fables.
The Fable partly agrees with, and partly differs from the Tale and the Parable. It will contain, like the Tale, a short but real narrative; it will seek, like the Parable, to convey a hidden meaning, not so much by the use of language, as by the skilful introduction of fictitious characters; and yet unlike to either Tale or Parable, it will ever keep in view, as its high prerogative, and inseparable attribute, the great purpose of instruction, and will necessarily seek to inculcate some moral maxim, social duty, or political truth.
The Tale consists simply of the narration of a story either founded on facts, or created solely by the imagination, and not necessarily associated with the teaching of any moral lesson. The Parable is the designed use of language purposely intended to convey a hidden and secret meaning other than that contained in the words themselves; and which may or may not bear a special reference to the hearer, or reader.
1. The passage suggests that the fable is superior to the parable and the tale for none of the following reasons EXCEPT:
I. the fable contains a moral lesson within its narrative.
II. the parable's message may be too enigmatic for a reader to comprehend.
III. the tale is a chronicle of recent historical events.
A. I only
B. I and II
C. II and III
D. I, II, and III
E. None of the above
2. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT a requirement for a narrative text to be classified as a fable?
A. Use of fictional characters, such as personified animals and natural objects
B. Inclusion of social, moral, or political references relevant to contemporary readers
C. Constant awareness of and attention to a particular instructional goal.
D. Figurative or poetic language to demonstrate the author's creative talent
E. Every fable must have a ‗moral' at the end
3. Which of the following best characterizes the claim that the fabulist is a ―great teacher, a corrector of morals, a censor of vice, and a commender of virtue?‖
A. It is an analysis of the importance of the fabulist's role in society.
B. It is a conclusion that fabulists should be honoured above writers of parables or tales.
C. It is appreciation for the fabulist's ability to multi-task.
D. It advocates increased honour and respect for the fabulist.
E. It suggests that more and more people should become fabulists
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@Stewie_Griffin @Ravi534221 @nits2811 Try this one out.
The motive force that has carried the psychoanalytic movement to a voluminous wave of popular attention and created
for it considerable following those discontent with traditional methods and attitudes, is the frank direction of the
psychological instruments of exploration to the insistent and intimate problems of human relations. However false or
however true its conclusions, however weak or strong its arguments, however effective or defective or even pernicious
its practice, its mission is broadly humanistic. Psychological enlightenment is presented as a program of salvation. By
no other appeal could the service of psychology have become so glorified. The therapeutic promise of psychoanalysis
came as the most novel, most ambitious, most releasing of the long procession of curative systems that mark the history
of mental healing.
To the contemporary trends in psychology psychoanalysis actually offered a rebuke, a challenge, a supplement, though
it appeared to ignore them. With the practical purpose of applied psychology directed to human efficiency it had no
direct relation and thus no quarrel. The solution of behaviorism, likewise bidding for popular approval by reducing
adjustment to a program of conditioning, it inevitably found alien and irrelevant, as the behaviorist in reciprocity found
psychoanalytic doctrine mystical, fantastic, assumptive, remote. Even to the cognate formulations of mental hygiene, as
likewise in its contacts with related fields of psychology, psychoanalysis made no conciliatory advances. Towards
psychiatry, its nearest of kin, it took an unfriendly position, quite too plainly implying a disdain for an unprogressive
relative. These estrangements affected its relations throughout the domain of mind and its ills; but they came to head in
the practice.
From the outset in the days of struggle, when it had but a sparse and scattered discipleship, to the present position of
prominence, Freudianism went its own way, for the most part neglected by academic psychology. Of dreams, lapses
and neuroses, orthodox psychology had little say. The second reason for the impression made by psychoanalysis when
once launched against the tide of academic resistance was its recognition of depth psychology, so much closer to human
motivation, so much more intimate and direct than the analysis of mental factors.
Most persons in trouble would be grateful for relief without critical examination of the theory behind the practice that
helped them. Anyone at all acquainted with the ebb and flow of cures – cures that cure cures that fail – need not be told
that the scientific basis of the system is often the least important factor. Many of these systems arise empirically within
a practice, which by trial, seems to give results. This is not the case in psychoanalysis. Psychoanalysis belongs to the
typical groups of therapies in which practice is entirely a derivative of theory. Here the pertinent psychological principle
reads: "Create a belief in the theory, and the fact will create themselves”.
126. The distinctive feature of psychoanalysis is that
(a) it provided the laymen with a scientific basis to the theories of psychology.
(b) it blasted the popular theory that the conscious mind could be aptly linked the tip of an iceberg.
(c) it provided effective means for the cure of mental disorders.
(d) it rendered existing trends in psychology defunct.
127. The distinction between behaviorism and psychoanalysis that is heightened here is which of the following?
(a) Behaviorism is wide in scope; psychoanalysis more restricted.
(b) Behaviorism are more tolerant in their outlook; psychoanalysis more dogmatic.
(c) Behaviorism traces all action to conditioning by habit; psychoanalysis to the depths of the human mind.
(d) Behaviorism are more circumspect and deliberate in their propagation of theory; psychoanalysis jump to conclusion
impetuously.
128. The statement which is refuted by the passage is this:
(a) The popularity enjoyed by psychoanalysis is partly due to the disenchantment with traditional methods of
psychology.
(b) Psychoanalysis wooed people dissatisfied with other branches of psychology to swell their ranks.
(c) Psychoanalysis were pioneers in the realm of analysis of the subconscious mind.
(d) Psychoanalysis alienated allied branches of psychology.
129. Create a belief in theory and
(a) belief will be created itself.
(b) theory will be created itself.
(c) facts will be created themselves .
(d) All of the above.
130. Psychoanalysis are of the opinion that
(a) methods of psychoanalysis must be in keeping with individual needs.
(b) inferences can be drawn empirically from repeated experiments with any given theory.
(c) theory leads to practice.
(d) practice culminates into theory.
131. Freudian psychoanalysis was ignored by academic psychology because of which of the following?
(a) Its theories were not substantiated by practical evidence.
(b) It probed too deep into the human mind thereby divesting it of its legitimate privacy.
(c) It did not have a large following.
(d) It was pre-occupied with unfamiliar concepts such as dreams and the subconscious mind.
132. The only statement to receive support from the passage is which of the following?
(a) Psychoanalysis concentrated more on the theoretical remedies than their practical implementation.
(b) Psychoanalysis broke the shackles of convention in its involvement with humanistic issues.
(c) The attitude of psychoanalysis towards allied branches of psychology could at best be described as indifferent.
(d) Psychoanalysis dispelled the prevalent notion that dreams were repressed desires.
133. The popularity enjoyed by the psychoanalytical movement may be directly attributed to
(a) dissatisfaction with existing methods of psychology.
(b) its logical, coherent process of ratiocination.
(c) its novel unconventionality in both postulate and practice.
(d) its concentration upon the humanistic aspect of psychological analysis.
It is undeniable that some very useful analogies can be drawn between the relational systems of computer mechanism
and the relational systems of brain mechanism. The comparison does not depend upon any close resemblance between
the actual mechanical links which occur in brains and computers; it depends on what the machines do. Further more,
brains and computers can both be organized so as to solve problems. The mode of communication is very similar in
both the cases, so much so that computers can now be designed to generate artificial human speech and even, by
accident, to produce sequences of words which human beings recognize as poetry. The implication is not that machines
are gradually assuming human forms, but that there is no sharp break of continuity between what is human, what is
mechanical.
134. From the passage, it is evident that the author thinks
(a) computers are now naturally programmed to produce poetry.
(b) computers are likely to usurp the place of intellectual superiority accorded to the human brain.
(c) the resemblance that the computer bears to the human brain is purely mechanical.
(d) the unintentional mixing up of word sequences in the computer can result in poetry.
135. Computers have acquired a proven ability of performing many of the functions of the human brain because
(a) the brain of modern man is unable to discharge its functions properly on account of over-reliance on machines.
(b) the sophisticated computer mechanism is on the verge of outstripping human mental faculties.
(c) the process of organizing and communicating are similar in both cases.
(d) the mechanics of the human brain have been introduced in the computer.
136. The resemblance between the human brain and the computer is
(a) imaginary.
(b) intellectual.
(c) mechanical.
(d) functional.
137. The passage implies that
(a) computers are assuming human forms.
(b) human are assuming mechanical forms.
(c) computers and humans are substitutable.
(d) there is continuity between what is human and what is mechanical.
138. The author uses the word 'recognize" in relation to computer poetry to convey a
(a) sense of sorrow at the reluctant admission of the superiority of machines by mankind.
(b) feeling that computers have yet to conquer the emotional heights that man is capable of attaining.
(c) feeling of derision for the popular faith in the omnipotence of the computer.
(d) feeling of a fatalistic acceptance of the computer"s encroachment upon human bastions.
139. Points of dissimilarity between the human brain and the computer don"t extend to
(a) the faculty of composing poetry.
(b) methods of communication.
(c) the faculty of composing poetry.
(d) the faculty of speaking naturally
A distinction should be made between work and occupation. Work implies necessity; it is something that must be done
as contributing to the means of life in general and to one"s own subsistence in particular. Occupation absorbs time and
energy so long as we choose to give them; it demands constant initiative, and it is its own rewar(d) For the average
person the element of necessity in work is valuable, for he is saved the mental stress involved in devising outlets for his
energy. Work has for him obvious utility, and it bring the satisfaction of tangible rewards. Where as occupation is an
end in itself, and we therefore demand that it shall be agreeable, work is usually the means to other ends – ends which
present themselves to the mind as sufficiently important to compensate for any disagreeableness in the means. There are
forms of work, of course, which since external compulsion is reduced to a minimum, are hardly to be differentiated
from occupation. The artist, the imaginative writer, the scientist, the social worker, for instance, find their pleasure in
the constant spontaneous exercise o creative energy and the essential reward of their work is in the doing of it. In all
work performed by a suitable agent there must be a pleasurable element, and the greater the amount of pleasure that can
be associated with work, the better. But for most people the pleasure of occupation needs the addition of the necessity
provided in work. It is better for them to follow a path of employment marked out for them than to have to find their
own.
When, therefore, we look ahead to the situation likely to be produced by the continued rapid extension of machine
production, we should think not so much about providing occupation for leisure as about limiting the amount of leisure
to that which can be profitably use(d) We shall have to put the emphasis on the work – providing rather than the goods
– providing aspect of the economic process. In the earlier and more ruthless days of capitalism the duty of the economic
system to provide work was overlooke(d) The purpose of competitive enterprise was to realize a profit. When profit
ceased or was curtailed, production also ceased or was curtaile(d) Thus the workers, who were regarded as units of
labour forming part of the costs of production, were taken on when required and dismissed when not require(d) They
hardly thought of demanding work as a right. And so long as British manufacturers had their eyes mainly on the
markets awaiting them abroad, they could conveniently neglect the fact that since workers are also consumers,
unemployment at home means loss of trade. Moral considerations did not yet find a substitute in ordinary business
prudence. The labour movements arose largely as a revolt against the conception of workers as commodities to be
bought and sold without regard to their needs as human beings. In a socialist system it is assumed that they will be
treated with genuine consideration, for, the making of profit not being essential, central planning will not only adjust the
factors of production to the best advantage but will secure regularity of employment. But has the socialist thought about
what he would do if owing to technological advance, the amount of human labour were catastrophically reduced? So far
as I know, he has no plan beyond drastically lining the hours of work, and sharing out as much work as there may be.
And, of course, he would grant monetary relief to those who were actually unemploye(d) But has he considered what
would be the moral effect of life imagined as possible in the highly mechanized state of future? Has he thought of the
possibility of bands of unemployed and under-employed workers marching on the capital to demand not income (which
they will have) but work?
140. Future, according to the passage, may find the workers
(a) without money.
(b) without work.
(c) replacing machines.
(d) without leisure.
141. The main defect of socialism at present is that
(a) it has not evolved a satisfactory system of making workers co-sharers in prosperity.
(b) it has not made work less burdensome for the mass of workers.
(c) it has not taken into consideration the possibility of an immense reduction of human labour in the wake of
mechanization.
(d) it is not concerned with improving and streamlining the method of production.
142. The labour movement was the outcome of
(a) an effort to increase productivity.
(b) a move to make workers share in the prosperity of the capitalists.
(c) a revolt against the conception of workers as commodities.
(d) a move to avert mass unemployment because of the mechanization.
143. The chief purpose of competitive enterprise is to
(a) create more job opportunities.
(b) produce as much as possible.
(c) create more wealth in the country.
(d) realize the maximum profit.
144. In the situation created by the rapid extension of machine production, our object should be to
(a) make work as light as possible.
(b) provide increased opportunities for interesting occupation.
(c) limit the amount of leisure to that which can be profitably used.
(d) produce more and more goods.
145. The activities of the artist, the writer, the scientist etc. may be considered to be occupations because
(a) they often does not have any utilitarian value.
(b) external compulsion is reduced to a minimum and they are agreeable and require quite a lot of initiative.
(c) they occupies time and energy only so long as the workers choose to give them.
(d) they care only for the pleasure which brings them without any consideration of reward.
146. Which of the following statements is not true according to the information contained in the passage?
(a) Work is something done as contributing to the means of life in general and to one"s own subsistence in particular.
(b) Occupation is something that requires initiative and can be done at one"s will and pleasure and not as a task.
(c) Work brings in tangible rewards while occupation is not utilitarian.
(d) There is no form of work which shows approximation to occupation.
147. The chief reason for a person taking up an occupation may be stated to be :-
(a) a desire to make profit.
(b) an irresistible urge to do something uncommon.
(c) a wish to do something useful to society.
(d) a desire to do something which requires initiative and doing it at his will and pleasure.
148. The distinction between work and occupation is as follows :-
(a) Work at all times is unpleasant and occupation is always agreeable.
(b) In work there is an element of necessity which is totally wanting in occupation.
(c) Work has obvious utility and brings tangible rewards, while occupation is an end in itself.
(d) Work and occupation often seem to be so very much alike that no distinction can be made between them.
If the more articulate members of a community formed a coherent and united class with a common interest, democracy
would probably replace in to the rule of that intelligent, educated minority; even as it is, the democracies of the modern
world are much closer to this fate than they are to the much-canvassed dangers of mob rule. Far from oppressing the
cultured minority, or any other minorities, democracy gives more of them more scope to have their way than any other
system does. This is the lesson of experience. It might also have been derived from an analysis of the concept of
democracy, if the concept had been accurately analyzed.
149. The word articulate here refers to
(a) the elite.
(b) people who are endowed with a native intelligence.
(c) that class which is well educated.
(d) people who are endowed with clarity of speech.
150. What emerges as the truth from a reading of the paragraph is that
(a) forms of government other than democracy give the mobs great scope for self expression.
(b) democracy provides greater scope for mob rule.
(c) democracy provides greater scope for the rule of the minority.
(d) forms of government other than democracy give the educated minority greater scope for self expression.
151. Our appreciation of the virtues of the democratic system
(a) is the result of an illusory concept.
(b) is the result of our negative response to other forms of government.
(c) is the result of a proven record of the success of democracy.
(d) is the result of centuries of accurate research on the theoretical aspects of democracy.
152. The wide scope that democracy offers to the minorities can be made known
(a) by our common sense.
(b) by our political theories.
(c) by our native intelligence.
(d) by proper analysis.
153. The author seems to be
(a) a supporter of mob rule.
(b) a supporter of democracy
(c) against intelligence in minorities.
(d) analysing the flaws of democracy.
154. The institution of democracy, in modern times
(a) is on the brink of extinction.
(b) has become vulnerable to the dangers of proletariat rule.
(c) should be prepared for the inevitability of mob rule.
(d) has become prone to the rule of particular class of people.
That there is an irrelevant representative or descriptive element in many great works of art is not in the least
surprising. Representation is not of necessity baneful, and highly realistic forms may be extremely significant.
Very often, however, representation is a sign of weakness in an artist. A painter too feeble to create forms
that provoke more than a little aesthetic emotion will try to eke that little out by suggesting the emotions of
life. To evoke the emotions of life he must use representation. Thus a man will paint an execution, and,
fearing to miss with his first barrel of significant form, will try to hit with his second by raising an emotion of
fear or pity. But if in the artist an inclination to play upon the emotions of life is often the sign of a flickering
inspiration, in the spectator a tendency to seek, behind form, the emotions of life is a sign of defective
sensibility always. It means that his aesthetic emotions are weak or, at any rate, imperfect.
Before a work of art people who feel little or no emotion for pure form find themselves at a loss. They are
deaf men at a concert. They know that they are in the presence of something great, but they lack the power
of apprehending it. They know that they ought to feel for it a tremendous emotion, but it happens that the
particular kind of emotion it can raise is one that they can feel hardly or not at all. And so they read into the
forms of the work those facts and ideas for which they are capable of feeling emotion, and feel for them the
emotions that they can feel—the ordinary emotions of life. When confronted by a picture, instinctively they
refer back its forms to the world from which they came.
They treat created form as though it were imitated form, a picture as though it were a photograph. Instead
of going out on the stream of art into a new world of aesthetic experience, they turn a sharp corner and
come straight home to the world of human interests. For them the significance of a work of art depends on
what they bring to it; no new thing is added to their lives, only the old material is stirred. A good work of
visual art carries a person who is capable of appreciating it out of life into ecstasy: to use art as a means
to the emotions of life is to use a telescope for reading the news. You will notice that people who cannot
feel pure aesthetic emotions remember pictures by their subjects; whereas people who can, as often as
not, have no idea what the subject of a picture is. They have never noticed the representative element, and
so when they discuss pictures they talk about the shapes of forms and the relations and quantities of
colours. Often they can tell by the quality of a single line whether or not a man is a good artist. They are
concerned only with lines and colours, their relations and quantities and qualities; but from these they win
an emotion more profound and far more sublime than any that can be given by the
description of facts and ideas.
31. According to the passage, an artist whose painting of an event looks like a photograph is likely to be
(a) a great artist.
(b) a flawed artist.
(c) a plagiarist.
(d) someone who cannot be called an artist.
32. ”Deaf men at a concert” suggests that the author
(a) believes that some people cannot appreciate art because they try too hard.
(b) believes that some people do not understand art and aesthetics.
(c) believes that concerts can be appreciated only by experts.
(d) believes that the common man cannot understand or appreciate art.
33. According to the passage, a person who cannot remember the subject of a picture is likely to be
(a) capable of really appreciating art and feeling pure aesthetic emotions.
(b) not capable of really appreciating art and feeling pure aesthetic emotions.
(c) a deaf man at a concert.
(d) a person who uses a telescope to read the news.
What is the technique for solving what to ask the author questions??
Hi,
Can anyone explain the difference between inference and conclusion in RC?
A difficult readjustment in the scientist"s conception of duty is imperatively necessary. As Lord Adrain said in his
address to the British Association, "unless we are ready to give up some of our old loyalties, we may be forced into a
fight which might end the human race”. This matter of loyalty is the crux. Hitherto, in the East and in the West alike,
most scientists, like most other people, have felt that loyalty to their own state is paramount. They have no longer a
right to feel this. Loyalty to the human race must take its place. Everyone in the West will at once admit this as regards
Soviet scientists. We are shocked that Kapitza who was Rutherford"s favourite pupil, was willing when the Soviet
government refused him permission to return to Cambridge, to place his scientific skill at the disposal of those who
wished to spread communism by means of H-bombs. We do not so readily apprehend a similar failure of duty on our
own side. I do not wish to be thought to suggest treachery, since that is only a transference of loyalty to another national
state. I am suggesting a very different thing; that scientists the world over should join in enlightening mankind as to the
perils of a great war and in devising methods for its prevention. I urge with all the emphasis at my disposal that this is
the duty of scientists in East and West alike. It is difficult duty, and one likely to entail penalties for those who perform
it. Bu after all it is the labours of scientists which have caused the danger and on this account, if on no other, scientists
must do everything in their power to save mankind from the madness which they have made possible. Science from the
dawn of history, and probably longer, has been intimately associated with war. I imagine that when our ancestors
descended from the trees they were victorious over the arboreal conservatives because flints were sharper than
coconuts. To come to more recent times, Archimedes was respected for his scientific defense of Syracuse against the
Romans; Leonardo obtained employment under the Duke of Milan because of his skill in fortification, though he did
mention in a postscript that he could also paint a bit. Galileo similarly derived an income from the Grant Duke of
Tuscany because of his skill in calculating the trajectories of projectiles. In the French Revolution those scientists who
were not guillotined devoted themselves to making new explosives. There is therefore no departure from tradition in the
present day scientist"s manufacture of A-bombs and H-bomb. All that is new is the extent of their destructive skill.
I do not think that men of science can cease to regard the disinterested pursuit of knowledge as their primary duty. It is
true that new knowledge and new skills are sometimes harmful in their effects, but scientists cannot profitably take
account of this fact since the effects are impossible to foresee. We cannot blame Columbus because the discovery of the
Western Hemisphere spread throughout the Eastern Hemisphere an appallingly devastating plague. Nor can we blame
James Watt for the Dust Bowl although if there had been no steam engines and no railways the West would not have
been so carelessly or so quickly cultivate(d) To see that knowledge is wisely used in primarily the duty of statesmen,
not of science; but it is part of the duty of men of science to see that important knowledge is widely disseminated and is
not falsified in the interests of this or that propaganda.
Scientific knowledge has its dangers; but so has every great thing. And over and beyond the dangers with which it
threatens the present, it opens up, as nothing else can, the vision of a possible happy world, a world without poverty,
without war, with little illness. And what is perhaps more than all, when science has mastered the forces which mould
human character, it will be able to produce populations in which few suffer from destructive fierceness and in which the
great majority regard other people, not as competitors, to be feared, but as helpers in a common task. Science has only
recently begun to apply itself to human beings except in their purely physical aspect. Such science as exists in
psychology and anthropology has hardly begun to affect political behaviour or private ethics. The minds of men remain
attuned to a world that is fast disappearing. The changes in our physical environment require, if they are to bring well
being, correlative changes in our beliefs and habits. If we cannot effect these changes, we shall suffer the fate of the
dinosaurs, who could not live on dry land.
I think it is the duty of science – I do not say of every individual man of science – to study the means by which we can
adapt ourselves to the new worl(d) There are certain things that the world quite obviously needs; tentativeness, as
opposed to dogmatism in our beliefs: an expectation of co-operation, rather than competition, in social relations, a
lessening of envy and collective hatre(d) These are things which education could produce without much difficulty. They
are not things adequately south in the education of the present day.
It is progress in the human sciences that we must look to undo the evils which have resulted from a knowledge of the
physical world hastily and superficially acquired by populations unconscious of the changes in themselves that the new
knowledge has made imperative. The road to a happier world than any known in the past lies open before us if atavistic
destructive passion can be kept in leash while the necessary adaptations are made. Fears are inevitable in our time, but
hopes are equally rational and far more likely to bear good fruit. We must learn to think rather less of the dangers to be
avoided than of the good that will be within our grasp if we believe in it and let it dominate our thoughts. Science,
whatever unpleasant consequences it may have by the way, is in its very nature a liberator, a liberator of bondage to
physical nature and, in time to come a liberator from the weight of destructive passion. We are on the threshold of utter
disaster or unprecedented glorious achievement. No previous age has been fraught with problems so momentous and it
is to science that we must look for happy issue.
155. The duty of science, according to the author is :-
(a) to realize the vision of a happy new world
(b) to pursue knowledge for its own sake
(c) to see that only such discoveries as conducive to the progress of humanity should be made
(d) to study the means by which we can adapt ourselves to the new world
156. Archimedes, Leonardo and Galileo have been mentioned to substantiate the statement that
(a) science has always been intimately associated with war
(b) from ancient times science has played a leading part in the life of man
(c) all learning has flourished only under the patronage of royalty and eminent personages
(d) in the past pursuit of knowledge was done for its own sake
157. The ground on which the author suggests that all scientists should join in educating mankind regarding the perils of
a great war is that
(a) scientists being among the most learned among people, should take the lead in this process of education.
(b) it is the work of scientists which has led to this perilous situation and so they should do something to undo the
mischief.
(c) science has always been associated with war and in the fitness of things, scientists should take the lead in trying to
end it.
(d) all others like politicians and soldiers have vested interest in perpetuating war and by elimination, scientists alone
may be trusted to work for its abolition.
158. In modern times, the crux of the matter as far as scientists are concerned is that
(a) their loyalty to the state should be declared in no uncertain terms.
(b) a readjustment in the scientist"s conception of duty is imperatively necessary.
(c) they should not object to stringent control by the state over their activities.
(d) they should assert their independence and refuse to subject themselves to any kind of control.
159. The instance of Kaptiza cited by the author goes to prove that
(a) every scientist has his price.
(b) in Soviet Russia, communists do not tolerate independent scientists.
(c) scientists, whether in the East or West, have hitherto felt that loyalty to their own state is paramount.
(d) scientists in the West have a higher sense of responsibility than their counterparts in the East.
160. Which among the following statements is not true according to the information provided in the passage?
(a) If there is no readjustment in the scientist"s conception of duty, the extinction of the human race by war is a distinct
possibility.
(b) Up till now, scientists all over the world have felt that loyalty to their own state is paramount
(c) It is the labours of scientists which have caused the danger of annihilation of mankind.
(d) The tradition up to now has been that scientists have been respected for their pursuit of knowledge and not for their
part in devising potent weapons of destruction
161. The duty of the scientist, according to the passage, is
(a) to further the interests of his state with as much devotion as possible
(b) to pursue knowledge regardless of the consequences of their discoveries and inventions
(c) to see that important knowledge is widely disseminated and is not falsified in the interests of propaganda
(d) to refuse to serve national interests
162. The evils which have resulted from knowledge of the physical world can only be overcome by
(a) a more intensive pursuit of scientific knowledge
(b) making scientists more responsible to society
(c) adequate progress in the human sciences
(d) enlightening the general public about the evils
163. Science may be considered a liberator in the sense that :-
(a) ultimately it may bring the nations of the world together
(b) it may make man"s life a great deal happier than what it is now
(c) it may free man from bondage to physical nature and the weight of destructive passions
(d) it may end the tyranny of age old beliefs and superstitions.
Q101-104 : The following graph shows the value of liquor supplied by the 5 states in 1996 and the excise duty rates in
each state.
248 240 214 187.7
323.3
80
60 52 39
25
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
TN
AP
Maharashtra
MP
Delhi
Total Value (Rs
Crore)
Excise
Duty(Rs.per
litre)
Amount of liquor supplied in Tamil Nadu Distilleries A, B, C, D, E (from bottom to top) in lakh litres.
101. What is the lowest percentage difference in the excise duty rates for any two states?
(a) 12
(b) 15
(c) 20
(d) Cannot be determined.
102. Which of the five states manufactured liquor at the lowest cost?
(a) Tamil Nadu
(b) Delhi
(c) The states which has the lowest value for (wholesale price-Excise duty) per litre
(d) Cannot be determined.
103. If Excise duty is levied before the goods leave the factory (on the value of the liquor), then which of the following
choices shows distilleries in ascending order of the excise duty paid by them for the year 1996? (Assume the total liquor
in TN is supplied by only these 5 distilleries).
(a) ECABD
(b) ADEBC
6.41 10.78 12.89
9.35
12.07
7.26
5.75 11.92
5.79
3.15
1.64 1.05
4.21
3.57
2.45
0
10
20
30
40
50
1996 1997 1998
A
B
C
D
E
(c) DCEBA
(d) Cannot be determined.
104. If the Tamil Nadu distillery, with the least average simple annual growth in amount of liquor supplied in the given
period had shown the same rate of growth as the one which grew fastest, what would that company"s supply have been
in 1998, in lakh liters?
(a) 13
(b) 15.11
(c) 130
(d) Cannot be determined.
105. Saira, Mumtaz and Zeenat have a ball, a pen and a pencil, and each girl has just one object in hand. Among the
following statements, only one is true and the other two are false.
I. Saira has a ball.
II. Mumtaz does not have the ball.
III. Zeenat does not have the pen.
Who has the ball?
(a) Saira
(b) Mumtaz
(c) Zeenat
(d) Cannot be determined
106. Albert, David, Jerome and Tommy were plucking mangoes in a grove to earn some pocket money during the
summer holidays. Their earnings were directly related to the number of mangoes plucked and had the following
relationship:
Jerome got less money than Tommy. Jerome and Tommy together got the same amount at Albert and David taken
together. Albert and Tommy together got less than David and Jerome taken together.
Who earned the most pocket money? Who plucked the least number of mangoes?
(a) David, Jerome
(b) David, Albert
(c) Jerome, Tommy
(d) Jerome, Albert
107. I happened to be the judge in the all India Essay Competition on Nylon Dying, organized some time back by a
dyestuff firm. Mill technicians were eligible to enter the competition. My work was simplified in assessing the essays,
which had to be done under five heads-Language, Coherence, Subject Matter, Machinery and Recent Developments.
Marks were to be given out of a maximum of 20 under each head. There were only five entries.
The winner got 90 marks. Akhila got 13 in Coherence and Divya 10 in Machinery. Bhanu"s total was less than
Akhila"s. Charulata has sent an entry. Ela had got as many marks as Divya. None got 20 under any head.
Who was the winner?
(a) Divya
(b) Charulata
(c) Ela
(d) Bhanu
Questions 108 to 110 : Refer to the following Bar-chart and answer the questions that follow :
Project Exports:Contracts Secured
100.5
67
141 143.9
65
0
50
100
150
200
1984 1985 1986 1987 1988
Value in Rs. crore
108. What is the average value of the contract secured during the years shown in the diagram?
(a).Rs. 103.48 crore
(b).Rs. 105 crore
(c) Rs. 100 crore
(d).Rs.125.2 crore
109. Compared to the performance in 1985 (i.e. taking it as the base), what can you say about the performances in the
years "84, "85, "86, "87, "88 respectively, in percentage terms?
(a) 150, 100, 211, 216, 97
(b) 100, 67, 141,144,65
(c) 150, 100, 200, 215, 100
(d) 120, 100, 220, 230, 68
110. Which is the year in which the highest percentage decline is seen in the value of contract secured compared to the
preceding year?
(a) 1985
(b) 1988
(c) 1984
(d) 1986
Questions 111-116 : The table below shows the estimated cost (in Rs. Lakh) of a project of laying a railway line
between two places.
1988 1989 1990 1991
1. Surveying 41.5 7.5 2.2 0.5
2. Cement - 95.0 80.0 75.0
3. Steel - 70.0 45.0 60.0
4. Bricks - 15.0 12.0 16.0
5. Other building material - 25.0 18.0 21.0
6. Labour 2.1 25.0 20.0 18.0
7. Administration 7.5 15.0 15.0 14.0
8. Contingencies 1.0 15.0 4.2 5.0
Total 52.1 267.5 196.4 209.5
111. The total expenditure is required to be kept within Rs. 700 lakh by cutting the expenditure on administration
equally in all the years. What will be the percentage cut for 1989?
(a) 22.6
(b) 32.6
(c) 42.5
(d) 52.6
112. If the length of line to be laid each year is in proportion to the estimated cost for material and labour, what fraction
of the total length is proposed to be completed by the third year?
(a) 0.9
(b) 0.7
(c) 0.6
(d) 0.3
113. What is the approximate ratio of the total cost of materials for all the years bear to the total labour cost?
(a) 4 : 1
(b) 8 : 1
(c) 12:1
(d) 16 : 1
114. If the cost of materials rises by 5% each year from 1990 onwards, by how much will the estimated cost rise?
(a) Rs. 11.4 lakh
(b) Rs. 16.4 lakh
(c) Rs.21.4 lakh
(d) Rs.26.4 lakh
115. It is found at the end of 1990, that the entire amount estimated for the project has been spent. If for 1991, the actual
amount spent was equal to that which was estimated, by what percent (approximately) has the actual expenditure
exceeded the estimated expenditure?
(a) 39
(b) 29
(c) 19
(d) 9
116. After preparing the estimate, the provision for contingencies is felt inadequate and is therefore doubled. By what
percent does the total estimate increase?
(a) 3.47
(b) 2.45
(c) 1.50
(d) 3.62
Questions 117-121 : The first table gives the number of saris (of all the eight colours) stocked in six regional
showrooms. The second gives the number of saris (of all the eight colours) sold in these six regional showrooms. The
third table gives the percentage of saris sold to saris stocked for each colour in each region. The fourth table gives the
percentage of saris of a specific colour sold within that region. The fifth table gives the percentage of saris of a specific
colour sold across all the regions.
Study the tables and for each of the following questions, choose the best alternative.
Table 1
Region Blue Green Magenta Brown Orange Red Violet Yellow Total
1 267 585 244 318 132 173 195 83 1994
2 341 480 99 199 234 119 200 109 1781
3 279 496 107 126 100 82 172 106 1468
4 198 307 62 221 65 96 124 91 1164
5 194 338 120 113 82 60 125 124 1156
6 158 261 133 104 71 158 128 82 1095
Total 1437 2454 765 1081 684 688 944 595 8658
Table 2
Region Blue Green Magenta Brown Orange Red Violet Yellow Total
1 122 164 71 165 40 84 97 45 788
2 124 200 37 78 67 47 73 50 676
3 21 57 7 24 9 14 20 11 163
4 79 85 22 164 18 46 43 54 511
5 29 36 22 17 9 18 19 16 166
6 1 3 2 2 1 3 2 4 18
Total 376 545 161 450 144 212 254 180 2322
Table 3
Region Blue Green Magenta Brown Orange Red Violet Yellow All
1 46 28 29 52 30 49 50 54 40
2 36 42 37 39 29 39 37 46 38
3 8 11 7 19 9 17 12 10 11
4 40 28 35 74 28 48 35 59 44
5 15 11 18 15 11 30 15 13 14
6 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 5 2
All 26 22 21 42 21 31 27 30
Table 4
Region Blue Green Magenta Brown Orange Red Violet Yellow Total
1 15 21 9 22 4 11 12 6 100
2 18 30 5 12 10 7 11 7 100
3 13 35 4 15 6 9 12 7 100
4 15 17 4 32 4 9 8 11 100
5 17 22 13 10 5 11 11 10 100
6 6 14 11 11 6 17 11 22 100
Table 5
Region Blue Green Magenta Brown Orange Red Violet Yellow
1 32 30 44 37 28 40 38 25
2 33 37 23 17 47 22 29 28
3 6 10 4 5 6 7 8 6
4 21 16 14 36 13 22 17 30
5 8 7 14 4 6 8 7 9
6 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 2
Total 100 100 100 100 100 100 100 100
117. Which region-colour combination accounts for the highest percentage of sales to stock?
(a) (1, Brown)
(b) (2, Yellow)
(c) (4, Brown)
(d) (5, Red)
118. Which colour is the most popular in region1?
(a) Blue
(b) Brown
(c) Green
(d) Violet
119. Which region sold the maximum percentage of magenta saris out of the total sales of magenta saris?
(a) 3
(b) 4
(c) 2
(d) 1
120. Out of its total sales, which region sold the minimum percentage of green saris?
(a) 1
(b) 6
(c) 4
(d) 2
121. In which region is the maximum percentage of blue saris sold?
(a) 2
(b) 3
(c) 1
(d) 4
Questions 122 to 125 : The table below gives the achievements of Agricultural Development Programmes from 1983 –
84 to 1988 – 89. Study the following table and for each of the following questions, choose the best alternative.
Programme 83 – 84 84 - 85 85 - 86 86 - 87 87 - 88 88 – 89
Irrigation (Cumulative in Million Hectares)
Major & Medium 22.05 22.70 23.20 24.00 24.60 25.32
Minor 28.60 32.77 32.77 34.20 34.00 35.14
High yielding varieties (Million Hectares)
1. Paddy 16.90 18.20 19.70 18.70 21.70 22.80
2. Wheat 15.90 16.10 16.80 17.80 19.40 19.10
3. Jowar 3.10 3.50 3.90 4.40 5.30 5.10
4. Bajra 2.90 3.60 4.60 4.70 5.40 5.20
5. Maize 1.40 1.60 1.60 1.70 1.90 2.00
Consumption of Chemical fertilizers (Million tons)
1. Nitrogen 3.42 3.68 4.07 4.22 5.20 5.49
2. Phosphate 1.11 1.21 1.32 1.44 1.73 1.89
3. Potash 0.59 0.62 0.67 0.73 0.78 0.84
Gross Cropped area (Million hectares)
174.8 173.1 177.00 172.6 180.4 187.8
122. The consumption of chemical fertilizer per hectare of gross cropped area is lowest for the year
(a) 1984 – 85
(b) 1985 – 86
(c) 1986 – 87
(d) 1987 – 88
123. In which year does the area cropped under high yielding varieties show a decline for the maximum number of
crops?
(a) 1988 – 89
(b) 1985 – 86
(c) 1986 – 87
(d) None of these
124. How much area, in million hectares, was brought under irrigation during the year 1986-87?
(a) 58.20
(b) 1.43
(c) 0.80
(d) 2.23
125. It is possible that a part of the minor irrigated area is brought under major and medium areas. In which year has
this definitely happened?
(a) 1984 – 85
(b) 1985 – 86
(c) 1986 87
(d) 1987 – 88
Humans have probably always been surrounded by their kin – those to whom they have been related by blood or
marriage. But the size, the composition, and the functions of their families and kinship groups have varied
tremendously. People have lived not only in the "nuclear family”, made up of just the parents and their offspring, which
is standard in the West and has been found almost everywhere, they have lived in extended families and in formal clans;
they have been "avunculocal”; they have been "ultrolateral”, they have been conscious of themselves as heirs of
lineages hundred of generations deep. However constructed, the traditional kinship group has usually provided those
who live in it with security, identity, and indeed with their entire scheme of activities and beliefs. The nameless billions
of hunter-gatherers who have lived and died over the past several million years have been embedded in kinship groups,
and when people started to farm about ten thousand years ago, their universe remained centered on kinship. Now that
there was a durable form of wealth which could be hoarded-grain–some families became more powerful than other;
society became stratified, and genealogy became an important means of justifying and perpetuating status.
During the past few centuries, however, in part of the world-in Europe and the countries that have been developing
along European lines-a process of fragmentation has been going on. The ties and the demands of kinship have been
weakening, the family has been getting smaller and, some say, less influential, as the individual, with a new sense of
autonomy and with new obligations to himself (or, especially in the last decade and a half, to herself),has come to the
foreground. A radically different mental order-self-centered and traceable not to any single historical development as
much as to the entire flow of Western history since at least the Renaissance has taken over. The political and economic
effects of this rise in individual self-consciousness have been largely positive: civil rights are better protected and
opportunities are greater in the richer, more dynamic countries of the West; but the psychological effects have been
mixed , at best. Something has been lost; a warmth, a sanity, and a supportiveness that are apparent among people
whose family networks are still intact. Such qualities can be found in most of the Third World and in rural pockets of
the U.S., but in the main stream of post-industrial society the individual is increasingly left to himself, to find meaning,
stability, and contentment however he can.
An indication of how far the disintegration of traditional kinship has advanced is that a surprising number of Americans
are unable to name all four of their grandparents. Such people have usually grown up in step-families, which are
dramatically on the rise. So is the single – parent family-the mother-child unit, which some anthropologists contend is
the real nucleus of kinship, having already contracted to the relatively impoverished nuclear family, partly as an
adaptation to industrialization kinship seems to be breaking down even further. With the divorce rate in America at
about fifty percent and the remarriage rate at about seventy five, the traditional Judeo-Christian scheme of marriage to
one person for life seems to be shading into a pattern of serial monogamy, into a sort of staggered polygamy, which
some anthropologists, who believe that we aren"t naturally monogamous to begin with, see as "a return of normality”.
Still other anthropologists explain what is happening somewhat differently; we are adopting delayed system of
marriage, they say, with the length of the marriage chopped off at both ends. But many adults aren"t getting married at
all; they are putting "self-fulfillment” before marriage and children and are having nothing further to do with kinship
after leaving their parents" home: their family has become their work associate or their circle of best friends. This is the
most distressing trend of all: the decline in the capacity of long-term intimate bonding.
101. The traditional kinship group provides:
(a) Security
(b) Identity
(c) Entire scheme of activity
(d) All of the above
102. Which of the following is indicative of the extent of disintegration of kinship groups?
(a) A large number of Americans are unable to name all four of their grandparents.
(b) Growing number of single-parent families.
(c) Increase in the average age at which males get married.
(d) Both (a) and (b).
103. Which of the following statements is not true?
(a) When people started to farm ten thousand years ago, kinship became less important.
(b) Some families became more powerful than others after farming was initiated.
(c) Genealogy became an important means of perpetuating status after the advent of farming.
(d) Stratification of society was a result of hunter – gatherers taking up farming.
104. According to the author, what has been sacrificed with the rise in individual self-consciousness?
(a) Sanity
(b) Supportiveness
(c) Warmth
(d) 1,2 and 3
105. The theme of the passage is which of the following?
(a) The impact of the deterioration of kinship of groups on third world countries.
(b) The correlation between the decline of traditional kinship groups and stratification of society.
(c) The changes that have occurred to kinship group pattern and the effect of those changes on the individuals.
(d) The political and economic repercussions of the decline of the nuclear family.
106. What does the author mean by serial monogamy?
(a) Judeo-Christian scheme of marriage.
(b) Marriage to one person for life.
(c) A sequence of marriages and divorces.
(d) Delayed marriage.
107. Which of the following statements cannot be inferred from the above passage?
(a) Smaller families are more autonomous and influential.
(b) The rise of the individuals can largely be viewed as a western phenomenon.
(c) A different mental order is in evidence and can be traced to the renaissance period.
(d) Mainstream post-industrial society would benefit from a resurgence of kinship groups.
108. The word "genealogy” refers to:
(a) family history
(b) kinship groups
(c) family authority
(d) nuclear family
109. According to the passage, the most distressing trend is:
(a) Many adults are putting "self fulfillment” before marriage and children and aren"t getting married at all.
(b) The American divorce rate of 50 percent and remarriage rate of 75 percent.
(c) The contraction of the nuclear family to the mother – child unit.
(c) The inability to develop lasting personal relationship.
110. According to the passage, which statement is not true of kinship group fragmentation?
(a) It is apparent that in Europe and countries developing along European lines a process of fragmentation has been
taking place during the past few centuries.
(b) A self-centered mental order has replaced the earlier kin-centered mental order and it can be traced to a specific
historical development.
(c) The political and economic benefits of the rise of the individuals have not been largely positive.
(d) Psychological effects of the rise of the individuals have been both positive and negative.
In 1787, the twenty-eighth year of the reign of King George III, the British Government sent a fleet to colonize
Australia. Never had a colony been founded so far from its parent state, or in such ignorance of the land it occupied
There has been no reconnaissance. In 1770 Captain James Cook had made landfall on the unexplored east coast of this
utterly enigmatic continent stopped for a short while at a place named Botany Bay and gone north again. Since then, no
ship had called – not a word, not an observation, for 17 years, each one of which was exactly like the thousands that had
preceded it, locked in its historical immensity of blue heat, blush, sandstone and the measured booming of glassy
pacific rollers.
Now, this coast was to witness a new colonial experiment, never tried before, not repeated since, An unexplored
continent would become a jail. The space around it, the very air and sea, the whole transparent labyrinth of the South
pacific, would become a wall 14,000 miles thick.
The late 18th century abounded in schemes of social goodness thrown off by its burgeoning sense of revolution. But
here, the process was to be reversed: not utopia, but Dystopia; not Rousseau"s natural man moving in moral grace amid
free social contract, but man coerced, deracinated, in chains. Other parts of the Pacific, especially Tahiti, might seem to
conform Rousseau. But the intellectual patrons of Australia, in its first colonial years, were Hobbes and Sade.
In their most sanguine moments, the authorities hoped that it would eventually swallow a whole class-the "criminal
class”, whose existence was one of the prime sociological beliefs of late Georgian and early Victorian England.
Australia was settled to defend English property not from the frog-eating invader across the Channel but from the
marauder within. English lawmakers wished not only to get rid of the "Criminal class” but if possible to forget about it.
Australia was a Cloaca, invisible, its contents filthy and unnamable.
To most Englishmen this place seemed not just a mutant society but another planet-an exiled world, summed up in its
popular name, "Botany Bay”. It was remote and anomalous to its white creators. It was strange but close, as the
unconscious to the conscious mind. There was as yet no such thing as "Australian” history or culture. For its first forty
years, everything that happened in the thief-colony was English. In the whole period of convict transportation, the
Crown shipped more than 160,000 men, women and children (due to defects in the records, the true number will never
be precisely known) in bondage to Australia. This was the largest forced exile of citizens at the behest of a European
government in pre-modern history. Nothing in earlier penology compares with it. In Australia, England drew the sketch
for our own century"s vaster and more terrible fresco of repression the Gulag. No other country had such a birth, and its
pangs may be said to have begun on the afternoon of January 26, 1788, when a fleet of eleven vessels carrying 1,030
people, including 548 male and 188 female convicts, under the command of captain Arthur Phillip in his flagship Sirius,
entered Port Jackson or, as it would presently be called, Sydney Harbor.
111. When the author refers to "the marauder within”, he is referring to:
(a) the working class.
(b) the lower class.
(c) the criminal class.
(d) the Loch Ness monster.
112. According to the passage, the intellectual mentors of Australia could be :
(a) Hobbes and Cook
(b) Hobbes and Sade
(c) Phillip and Jackson
(d) Sade and Phillip
113. Which of the following does not describe what the English regarded Australia to be :
(a) a mutant society.
(b) an exiled world.
(c) an enigmatic continent.
(d) a new frontier.
114. Elsewhere, according to the author, the late eighteenth century saw a plethora of:
(a) moral grace
(b) social welfare programs
(c) free social contracts
(d) social repression
115. The word "sanguine” means:
(a) wise
(b) pessimistic
(b) shrewd
(d) confident
116. The primary theme of the passage is
(a) the colonization if Australia
(b) the first forty years of Australian history.
(c) the rise of the "criminal class” and its impact on the life of Georgian England.
(d) the establishment of Australia as a penal colony.
117. One of the hallmarks of the late Georgian and early Victorian England was the belief in:
(a) repression of the "criminal class”.
(b) convict transportation.
(c) colonization as a solution to social problems.
(d) the existence of a "criminal” class of people.
118. What is penology?
(a) The study of transportation of criminals.
(b) The study of punishment in its relation to crime.
(c) The study of pens.
(d) The study ink flow of pens.
119. According to the passage, which of the following statements is not true
(a) During the seventeen years after Captain James Cook made landfall at Botany Bay, the British made several
observation trips to Australia
(b) Australia was settled by the British to protect their property from some of their own kin.
(c) The author implies that while Rousseau was vindicated in the functioning of the society of Tahiti, the process in
Australia presented a contrary picture.
(d) Both (a) and (b).
120. Sydney Harbor was earlier known as:
(a) Port Jackson
(b) Botany Bay
(c) Storm Bay
(d) Norfolk Bay