1 - B
2 - C
3 - A
4 - D
5 - D
6 - D
7 - B
8 - C
@joyjitpal said:@vivekrajarshi@busybrains71. d All the reasons are cited in the first paragraph itself.Choice (a) is mentioned in the 2nd line, (b) in thesecond last line, (c) in the last line and (d) is notmentioned. Instead mass media €™s impact is also statedin the para. This makes choice (d) correct.2. b The opening lines of the final paragraph are representedsuitably in (b). (a), (c) and (d) are doubtful choices.3. d (a), (b) and (c) are stated vividly in the secondparagraph, hence (d) is the answer.4. b The author mentions this aspect in the third and fourthlast lines of the third para. This makes choice (b)correct.5. a (a) has been described as revolutionary in the thirdparagraph. (b), (c) and (d) are given in the fourthparagraph as the conservative tendency.6. c The latter part of the fifth paragraph makes it clear that(c) is the answer. (a), (b) and (d) are not mentioned.7. a (a) is stated in the opening lines of the fourthparagraph. (b), (c) and (d) are thus peripheralobservations.8. d The first line of the seventh paragraph begins withconsidering a €œdual trap €? and this till the fifth line tellsus about the details of the same. This makes choice(d) correct.
I don't agree vd explanation of 1st ques.
correct ans should be C.
option D is clearly stated in para 1 in global perspective.
please refer below lines
'It has, seemingly, been
unwilling to re-invent itself in relation to the systems of artistic expression and viewers' expectations that
have developed under the impact of the mass media.'
Though option C is mentioned in para but it has been said only in India's perspective.
actually this passage appeared in CAT 2000. I crosschecked keys from TestFunda and ten years paper solution.
RC set 6.
my take
1) a
2) d
3) a
4) c
5) a
6) c
7) b
8) a
1.
D is the best answer. This question requires you to identify the primary concern of the passage as a
whole. The first paragraph presents a recent hypothesis about how caffeine affects behavior. The
second paragraph describes an earlier and widely accepted hypothesis about how caffeine affects
behavior, and then presents evidence that is not consistent with that hypothesis. The third and
fourth paragraphs return to the newer hypothesis introduced in the first paragraph and provide
“evidence and arguments” that support this alternative hypothesis.
2.
D is the best answer.
Lines 11-23 state that adenosine “depresses neuron firing” by binding to specific receptors on
neuronal membranes, which in turn inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. Lines 27-35 describe
Snyder et al's hypothesis about caffeine. They propose that caffeine binds to specific receptors on
neuronal membranes, which prevents adenosine from binding to those receptors and “allows the
neurons to fire more readily that they otherwise would”. Therefore, according to Snyder et al,
caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine permits neurotransmitter release when it is bound
to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits neruotransmitter release.
3.
A is the best answer. The effects of IBMX are discussed in the last paragraph of the passage.
IBMX apparently binds to adenosine-specific receptors on neuronal membranes, but, in contrast to
the other caffeine derivatives that Snyder et al experimented with, IBMX depresses rather than
stimulates mouse locomotion. Snyder et al respond to this experimental result by stating that
IBMX has “mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs”(line
104-107)
4.
E is the best answer. This question asks you to identify which compound, according to Snyder et
al, does NOT bind to specific receptors in the brain. Phosphodiesterase, identified as an “enzyme
that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP”(lines 40-42), is the only compound that is not
identified as one that binds to specific receptors in the brain.
5.
B is the best answer.
This question asks you to identify information that is suggested rather than directly stated in the
passage. To answer it, first look for the location in the passage of the information specified in the
question. The A1 and A2 receptors are mentioned in lines 23-26. Lines 27-35 go on to describe
Snyder et al's hypothesis about the effects of caffeine on behavior. They propose that caffeine,
“which is structurally similar to adenosine,” is able to bind to A1 and A2 receptors in the brain, the
same receptors that adenosine normally binds to. Thus, the passage suggests that the structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine may be partially responsible for caffeine's ability to
bind to A1 and A2 receptors.
6.
B is the best answer.
This question asks you to identify the function of a quotation in the third paragraph of the passage.
The third paragraph provides evidence for Snyder et al's hypothesis by discussing experiments
they conducted on mice. The quotation in lines 74-84 “summarizes” the findings of these
experiments. Snyder et al found that a number of caffeine derivatives are able to bind to specific
receptors in the brains of mice just as adenosine does, and that the derivatives that are most
successful at stimulating locomotion are also the most successful in competing with adenosine in
binding at the receptors. This finding is “major” in that it supports their hypothesis that the
simulative effects of caffeine are a result of its ability to compete with adenosine.
D is the best answer. This question requires you to identify the primary concern of the passage as a
whole. The first paragraph presents a recent hypothesis about how caffeine affects behavior. The
second paragraph describes an earlier and widely accepted hypothesis about how caffeine affects
behavior, and then presents evidence that is not consistent with that hypothesis. The third and
fourth paragraphs return to the newer hypothesis introduced in the first paragraph and provide
“evidence and arguments” that support this alternative hypothesis.
2.
D is the best answer.
Lines 11-23 state that adenosine “depresses neuron firing” by binding to specific receptors on
neuronal membranes, which in turn inhibits the release of neurotransmitters. Lines 27-35 describe
Snyder et al's hypothesis about caffeine. They propose that caffeine binds to specific receptors on
neuronal membranes, which prevents adenosine from binding to those receptors and “allows the
neurons to fire more readily that they otherwise would”. Therefore, according to Snyder et al,
caffeine differs from adenosine in that caffeine permits neurotransmitter release when it is bound
to adenosine receptors, whereas adenosine inhibits neruotransmitter release.
3.
A is the best answer. The effects of IBMX are discussed in the last paragraph of the passage.
IBMX apparently binds to adenosine-specific receptors on neuronal membranes, but, in contrast to
the other caffeine derivatives that Snyder et al experimented with, IBMX depresses rather than
stimulates mouse locomotion. Snyder et al respond to this experimental result by stating that
IBMX has “mixed effects in the brain, a not unusual occurrence with psychoactive drugs”(line
104-107)
4.
E is the best answer. This question asks you to identify which compound, according to Snyder et
al, does NOT bind to specific receptors in the brain. Phosphodiesterase, identified as an “enzyme
that breaks down the chemical called cyclic AMP”(lines 40-42), is the only compound that is not
identified as one that binds to specific receptors in the brain.
5.
B is the best answer.
This question asks you to identify information that is suggested rather than directly stated in the
passage. To answer it, first look for the location in the passage of the information specified in the
question. The A1 and A2 receptors are mentioned in lines 23-26. Lines 27-35 go on to describe
Snyder et al's hypothesis about the effects of caffeine on behavior. They propose that caffeine,
“which is structurally similar to adenosine,” is able to bind to A1 and A2 receptors in the brain, the
same receptors that adenosine normally binds to. Thus, the passage suggests that the structural relationship between caffeine and adenosine may be partially responsible for caffeine's ability to
bind to A1 and A2 receptors.
6.
B is the best answer.
This question asks you to identify the function of a quotation in the third paragraph of the passage.
The third paragraph provides evidence for Snyder et al's hypothesis by discussing experiments
they conducted on mice. The quotation in lines 74-84 “summarizes” the findings of these
experiments. Snyder et al found that a number of caffeine derivatives are able to bind to specific
receptors in the brains of mice just as adenosine does, and that the derivatives that are most
successful at stimulating locomotion are also the most successful in competing with adenosine in
binding at the receptors. This finding is “major” in that it supports their hypothesis that the
simulative effects of caffeine are a result of its ability to compete with adenosine.
@ankitpurohit991 @busybrains7 @bvdhananjay @vivekrajarshi @Kushwaha
1. b Refer to the beginning of paragraph 2, paragraph 3
and paragraph 5 to get (b) as the answer.
2. c Refer to the second sentence of paragraph 4 to mark
(c) as the answer.
3. a The third line of the sixth paragraph makes choice (a)
the answer.
4. c The third sentence of the seventh paragraph makes
choice (c) the answer.
5. d Refer to the last sentence of paragraph 6 to mark (d)
as the answer.
6. d Russell Cowburn and Mark Welland are trying to build
the magnetic chip that can store and manipulate information.
Hence (d) is the answer.
7. b The last lines of the eighth paragraph make choice (b)
correct.
8. a Refer to the second sentence of paragraph 1 to mark
(a) as the answer. (b) is stated in the opening lines of
the passage. The opening lines of the sixth paragraph
confirm (c). The concluding lines of the fourth
paragraph confirm (d).
1. b Refer to the beginning of paragraph 2, paragraph 3
and paragraph 5 to get (b) as the answer.
2. c Refer to the second sentence of paragraph 4 to mark
(c) as the answer.
3. a The third line of the sixth paragraph makes choice (a)
the answer.
4. c The third sentence of the seventh paragraph makes
choice (c) the answer.
5. d Refer to the last sentence of paragraph 6 to mark (d)
as the answer.
6. d Russell Cowburn and Mark Welland are trying to build
the magnetic chip that can store and manipulate information.
Hence (d) is the answer.
7. b The last lines of the eighth paragraph make choice (b)
correct.
8. a Refer to the second sentence of paragraph 1 to mark
(a) as the answer. (b) is stated in the opening lines of
the passage. The opening lines of the sixth paragraph
confirm (c). The concluding lines of the fourth
paragraph confirm (d).
RC 008
aThe behavioral tendencies of a passive aggressive man.
bThe way in which the passive aggressive man treats a partner.
cThe reasons for a man's passive aggressive behavior with a partner.
dThe object of the affection of a passive aggressive man.
The man with passive aggressive behavior needs someone to be the object of his hidden hostility. He needs an adversary whose expectations and demands he can resist as he plays out the dance he learned from his parents. He chooses a woman who will agree to be on the receiving end of his disowned anger. He resists her in small ways setting up a pattern of frustration so that she gets to express the anger that he cannot. The biggest irritant in being with a passive aggressive man is that he doesn't follow through on his agreements and promises. He dodges responsibility while insisting he's pulling his weight. He procrastinates, takes on big projects but doesn't finish them then feels put upon or hostile if someone else tries to finish them. He often ignores reality as to his irresponsibility and withdrawal. He denies evidence, distorts, minimalizes or lies to make his version of reality seem logical. He uses vague language to sandbag the partner. Inconsistency and ambiguity are his tools of choice. He often gives double messages and expects his partner to read his mind and meet his needs saying 'She should have known how it is.' He withholds information and has a hidden agenda. He can't take criticism and makes excuses to get himself off the hook. He sulks and uses silence when confronted about his inability to live up to his promises, obligations or responsibilities. When he doesn't follow through, he puts the blame on his partner so he doesn't have to take it and accuses her of having the problem. He may have multiple relationships with women as a way of keeping distant from one fully committed relationship. He is confused about which woman he wants and stays caught between the two women in his life not being able to commit fully to either. He is confused and can't understand why the women get so angry with him. He feels others demand too much of him so resists in overt and subtle ways and feels deprived if he must give in to others. The man who copes with conflict by not being there has strong conflict over dependency. He desperately wants attention but fears being swallowed up by the partner. He can't be alone and live without a woman in his life, but can't be with the partner emotionally. He's caught in a Catch 22—wanting affection but avoiding it because he fears it as his destruction. He resents feeling dependent on the woman so must keep her off guard. He makes his partner feel like a nothing through his neglect or irritability but he keeps her around because he needs her. His script is 'Be here for me, but don't come too close and don't burden me with your needs or expectations.' He has such strong fears of intimacy deep in his unconscious mind so he must set up barriers to prevent a deep emotional connection. He is clever at derailing intimacy when it comes up by tuning out his partner and changing the subject. He must withhold part of himself to feel safe and may withdraw. Closeness and intimacy may make him feel vulnerable and panicked bringing forth his deepest fears of dependency upon a woman. The passive aggressive man lives an internal loneliness; he wants to be with the woman but stays confused whether she is the right partner for him or not. He is scared and insecure causing him to seek contact with a partner but too scared and insecure to fully commit.
Q.31 Which of the following would be an apt theme for the passage?
aThe behavioral tendencies of a passive aggressive man.
bThe way in which the passive aggressive man treats a partner.
cThe reasons for a man's passive aggressive behavior with a partner.
dThe object of the affection of a passive aggressive man.
Q.32 Which of the following cannot be inferred as a characteristic of the passive aggressive man?
a An unrealistic assessment of his own capabilities.
bA feeling of anger, which is not openly displayed.
cA tendency to send out mixed signals to a partner.
dA need for attention along with a fear of intimacy.
a An unrealistic assessment of his own capabilities.
bA feeling of anger, which is not openly displayed.
cA tendency to send out mixed signals to a partner.
dA need for attention along with a fear of intimacy.
Q.33 The tone of the passage is:
aNarrative
bAnalytical
cDerogatory
dDescriptive
aNarrative
bAnalytical
cDerogatory
dDescriptive
RC 009
Why are we here? Where did we come from? The answer generally given was that humans were of comparatively recent origin, because it must have been obvious, even at early times, that the human race was improving in knowledge and technology. So it can't have been around that long, or it would have progressed even more. For example, according to Bishop Usher, the Book of Genesis placed the creation of the world at 9 in the morning on October the 27th, 4,004 BC. On the other hand, the physical surroundings, like mountains and rivers, change very little in a human lifetime. They were therefore thought to be a constant background, and either to have existed forever as an empty landscape, or to have been created at the same time as the humans. Not everyone, however, was happy with the idea that the universe had a beginning. For example, Aristotle, the most famous of the Greek philosophers, believed the universe had existed forever. Something eternal is more perfect than something created. He suggested the reason we see progress was that floods, or other natural disasters, had repeatedly set civilization back to the beginning. The motivation for believing in an eternal universe was the desire to avoid invoking divine intervention to create the universe and set it going. Conversely, those who believed the universe had a beginning, used it as an argument for the existence of God as the first cause, or prime mover, of the universe.
If one believed that the universe had a beginning, the obvious question was what happened before the beginning? What was God doing before He made the world? Was He preparing Hell for people who asked such questions? The problem of whether or not the universe had a beginning was a great concern to the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. He felt there were logical contradictions, or antimonies, either way. If the universe had a beginning, why did it wait an infinite time before it began? He called that the thesis. On the other hand, if the universe had existed forever, why did it take an infinite time to reach the present stage? He called that the antithesis. Both the thesis and the antithesis depended on Kant's assumption, along with almost everyone else, that time was Absolute. That is to say, it went from the infinite past to the infinite future, independently of any universe that might or might not exist in this background. This is still the picture in the mind of many scientists today.
If one believed that the universe had a beginning, the obvious question was what happened before the beginning? What was God doing before He made the world? Was He preparing Hell for people who asked such questions? The problem of whether or not the universe had a beginning was a great concern to the German philosopher, Immanuel Kant. He felt there were logical contradictions, or antimonies, either way. If the universe had a beginning, why did it wait an infinite time before it began? He called that the thesis. On the other hand, if the universe had existed forever, why did it take an infinite time to reach the present stage? He called that the antithesis. Both the thesis and the antithesis depended on Kant's assumption, along with almost everyone else, that time was Absolute. That is to say, it went from the infinite past to the infinite future, independently of any universe that might or might not exist in this background. This is still the picture in the mind of many scientists today.
However in 1915, Einstein introduced his revolutionary General Theory of Relativity. In this, space and time were no longer Absolute, no longer a fixed background to events. Instead, they were dynamical quantities that were shaped by the matter and energy in the universe. They were defined only within the universe, so it made no sense to talk of a time before the universe began. It would be like asking for a point south of the South Pole. It is not defined. If the universe was essentially unchanging in time, as was generally assumed before the 1920s, there would be no reason that time should not be defined arbitrarily far back. Any so called beginning of the universe would be artificial, in the sense that one could extend the history back to earlier times. Thus it might be that the universe was created last year, but with all the memories and physical evidence, to look like it was much older. This raises deep philosophical questions about the meaning of existence.
38. Which of the following can be concluded on the basis of the passage?
A. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied that time before the beginning of the universe
cannot be defined.
B. Aristotle conceived the idea that the universe did not have a beginning.
C. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied that time cannot be measured.
(a) Only A (b) B and C (c) A and B (d) Only C
A. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied that time before the beginning of the universe
cannot be defined.
B. Aristotle conceived the idea that the universe did not have a beginning.
C. Einstein's General Theory of Relativity implied that time cannot be measured.
(a) Only A (b) B and C (c) A and B (d) Only C
39. How did the beliefs of Immanuel Kant and Aristotle, regarding the beginning of the universe, differ?
(a) Kant found logical contradictions in Aristotle's ideas.
(b) Both Kant and Aristotle were mistaken as they had assumed time to be Absolute.
(c) Aristotle believed the creation of the universe could not be attributed to God whereas Kant
disagreed.
(d) Kant rejected Aristotle's beliefs as erroneous.
(a) Kant found logical contradictions in Aristotle's ideas.
(b) Both Kant and Aristotle were mistaken as they had assumed time to be Absolute.
(c) Aristotle believed the creation of the universe could not be attributed to God whereas Kant
disagreed.
(d) Kant rejected Aristotle's beliefs as erroneous.
40. Which of the following best captures the impact of Einstein's General Theory of Relativity on the
debate regarding the beginning of the universe?
(a) It proved that all existing theories were incorrect.
(b) It resolved the debate beyond any question.
(c) It proved that the universe could have been created at any time.
(d) It took away a central assumption and rendered the debate pointless.