Read the paragraphs given in question and choose a suitable summary from the given options:
University of Oregon’s Lundquist College of Business and his co-authors compared the effective tax rates paid by a sample of American firms between 2002 and 2011 with a measure of those companies’ CSR programmes compiled by MSCI, an index provider. It found that the companies which do the most CSR also make the most strenuous efforts to avoid paying tax – and that those which a high CSR score also spend more lobbying on tax. The most obvious explanation for this inverse relationship is hypocrisy. Surely CSR depends on the idea that firms have an obligation to society, not just to shareholders? And surely the most basic obligation to society is to pay the taxes that support the poor and vulnerable? Another explanation is that firms are not monoliths but collections of rival fiefs with different priorities. The department that oversees the CSR programmes, and thus has an interest in boosting their budgets, may never talk to those in the finance department who are paid to minimize the tax bill.
(a) A recent study by researchers at the University of Oregon has revealed that companies that do the most CSR also indulge in tax avoidance strategies, thereby exposing the hypocrisy of these corporate giants.
(b) A recent survey supports the public opinion that companies that do the most CSR also indulge heavily in aggressive tax planning to please shareholders. This state of affairs could be a result of double standards or lack of coordination in departmental goals.
(c) A recent study by researchers at the University of Oregon reveals an inverse relationship between expenditure on CSR and lobbying on tax. These findings are highly suggestive of conflicting interdepartmental goals in business firms and hypocrisy of the corporate class.
(d) The findings of recent research suggest that companies with high expenditure on CSR also engage in greater tax lobbying. This could result from double standards or conflicting interdepartmental goals.
(e) None of the above is correct.
In this question could C be the answer ? answer given is D
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STN.NR.METRO PILLAR NO.292-293
NEW DELHI 110044 yaha aaya kisi bhai ka ?
When the value of Indian Rupee (INR) against another currency says US Dollar (USD) decreases in the foreign exchange (forex) market, it is called as depreciation of Rupee and on the contrary if the value of INR increases against USD, it is called as appreciation of Rupee. In the post-independence history, the government of India has also deliberately decreased the value of Rupee three times once in 1966 and twice in 1991. When the government officially decreases the value of its currency, it is called as devaluation of currency.
Suppose in the final ans, we get the ratio as 2300:111. However option provided are somethng like 41:2, 33:2...... including none of the above. In such situation how do we conclude the suitable/closest ratio.