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IMPORTANT TOPIC ON ECONOMICS Different Concepts of National Income
National income is an important concept of Macro Economics. There are number of concepts pertaining to national income.
1) Gross National Product (GNP)Gross national product is the total measure of the flow of goods and services, at market value resulting from current production, during a year in a country, including net income from abroad.GNP =C+I+G+(X-M)+(R-P)
2) Gross National Product at Market Price (GNP (MP))It means the gross value of final goods and services produced annually in a country, which is estimated according to the price prevailing in the market. Market price including cost of production + indirect taxes.GNP (MP) = C + I + G + (X-M) + (R-P)C = Private Consumption ExpenditureI = Domestic Private InvestmentG = Government's Consumption & Investment Expenditure.(X-M) = Net Export Value. (Value of exports Value of imports)(R-P) = Receipts from Property abroad - Payments to abroad.MP = Production at Market Price.
3) Gross National Product at Factor Cost: (GNP (FC))Gross national product at factor cost is the sum of the money value of the income, produced by and accruing to the various factors of production in one year in a country.In order to arrive at GNP at factor cost, we deduct indirect taxes from GNP at market prices and add subsidies to GNP at Market. Prices.GNP(FC) = GNP(MP) - Indirect Taxes + Subsidies
4) Gross Domestic Product at Market Price (GDP (MP))Gross domestic product at market price is the gross market value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country, during a period of one year.• The term gross implies that it includes depreciation.• GDP at market price includes amount of indirect taxes paid and excludes amount of subsidy received, that is, net indirect taxes are included. GDP(MP) = GNP - Net Income from abroad.\GDP(MP) = C + I + G + (X-M)
5) Gross Domestic Product at Factor Cost (GDP (FC) )Gross domestic product at factor cost is the gross money value of all final goods and services produced within the domestic territory of a country, during a period of one year.GDP at factor cost includes amount of subsidy, but excludes amount of indirect taxes paid.GDP (FC) = GDP (MP) - Indirect Taxes + Subsidies\ GDP(FC)=C+I+G+(X-M)-IT+S
6) Net Domestic Product at Market Price (NDP (MP)):Net domestic product at market price is the net market value of all final goods and services produced, within the territorial boundaries of a country, during a period of one year.NDP (MP) = GDP (MP) - Depreciation
7) Net Domestic Product at Factor Cost (NDP (FC)):Net domestic product at factor cost is the net money value of all final goods and services produced, within the territorial boundaries of a country, during a period of one year.NDP (FC) is also known as domestic income or domestic factor income.NDP (FC) = GDP (MP) - Net Indirect Taxes - Depreciation
8) Net National Product at Market Price (NNP (MP)):Net national product at market price is the net market value of all final goods and services produced, by the residents of a country, during a period of one year. If we deduct depreciation from GNP at market prices we get NNP at market prices.NNP (MP) – GNP (MP) = Depreciation
9) Net National Product at Factor Cost (NNP (FC)):Net national product at factor cost is the net money, value of all final goods and services produced by the residents of a country, during a period of year.It includes income earned by factors of production.NNP (FC) - NNP (MP) - Indirect Taxes + Subsidies
10) National Income at Factor Cost (NI (FC)): National income at factor cost means the sum of all incomes, earned by resource suppliers for their contribution of land, labour, capital and entrepreneurial ability, which go into the year's net production.NI (FC) = NNP (MP) - Indirect Taxes + Subsidies.
Personal Income (PI):Personal income is the sum of all incomes, actually received by all individuals or households from all the sources during a given year. It may be earned or unearned.
Personal Disposable Income:Personal disposable income is that part of personal income which is left behind after payment of personal direct taxes like income tax, personal property taxes, etc.
IMPORTANT TOPIC ON SEBI FINANCE & MANAGEMENT
The Difference Between Options, Futures and Forwards DIFFERENCE BETWEEN FUTURES AND FORWARDS
A forward is similar to a futures contract in that it specifies the future delivery of an underlying asset at an agreed price. However, forwards differ from futures in several ways:
- Purpose: Forward contracts are almost always held until expiration and physically settled because the counterparties are interested in exchanging the underlying asset for cash. Physically settled future contracts might be held until expiration for traders who want to buy or sell the underlying. But most futures traders are speculating on the price of the underlying, hoping to make a profit from favorable price movements without taking or making delivery.
- Source of contract: A forward contract is a customized contract, privately traded directly between two identified counterparties. This is called over-the-counter trading and doesn’t involve a futures exchange. In contrast, futures contracts are only available on futures exchanges. You must set up a futures brokerage account to buy and sell these contracts. A futures trader does not directly transact with a counterparty; instead, a futures clearing house mediates all transactions – it acts as the buyer to sellers and the seller to buyers.
- Contract terms: A forward contract is completely customized according to the wishes of the buyer and seller. In addition, forward contracts have no built-in default protection, though a custom default-protection scheme can be negotiated and included. Futures contracts are highly standardized and guaranteed against default. Their expiration date, delivery date, delivery point, amount of underlying asset and settlement terms cannot be negotiated – the only decisions open to a trader are how much to bid or ask, when to close out the position and to select financial or physical settlement, the contract expiration month and the number of contracts.
- Settlement procedures: Forwards are settled at expiration and perhaps more frequently if both participants agree – there is no automatic daily cash settlement. Futures are cash-settled every trading day.
- Margin requirements: Forward contracts typically have few margin requirements, if any. Futures exchanges require traders to deposit into their brokerage accounts a minimum amount of cash per contract, as margin. The deposit is used to guarantee the daily mark to market payment. If the account balance falls below the minimum requirement, then the trader’s broker will issue a margin call – a directive to the trader to replenish the account. Failure to do so promptly will lead to a forced offset – the broker closes out the trader’s contracts and adds the cash proceeds to the brokerage account.
The main differences between futures and option contracts include:
- Upfront cost: Buyers must pay a premium to purchase an option, and option sellers collect his premium. There are no upfront costs for futures trades, just margin requirements.
- Margin requirements: Option buyers do not have to post margin, but option sellers do, unless their options are “covered” by other assets. For example, if an option trader sells a call stock option while owning 100 shares of the underlying stock, the call is covered, and margin isn’t required. All futures trades require margin.
- Flexibility: The owner of an options contract does not have to execute it – that is, force the trade of the underlying asset for the strike price even if such a trade would be profitable. For physical delivery futures, buyers must take delivery of the underlying asset, and sellers must deliver the asset.
- Risk: Option buyers can lose no more than the premium they pay. Option sellers and futures traders have unlimited risk on their contracts.
- Mark to market: Most options, with a few exceptions, are not marked to market every day. An options trader can collect a gain by exercising a profitable option, closing out a profitable option position via offset or collecting profit at expiration. Futures contracts are always marked to market daily, which is the only way to experience gains and losses.
- Size: Options are generally less expensive than futures, and control a smaller amount of the underlying asset. This means that futures are riskier than options. Of course, option traders can increase their risks by trading multiple options.
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As per you, when the SEBI phase 1 exam will be conducted?
- No chance of Exam till the time Social distancing norm is here.
- July 1st week only
- August
- September
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