Liberals favor freedom of the press, and some judges favor freedom of the press. Therefore, some judges are liberals. Which of the following arguments most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
A) All dogs have fur, and all dogs are mammals. Therefore, some mammals have fur.
B) All mammals have fur, and all dogs are mammals. Therefore, all dogs have fur.
C) All dogs are mammals, and some mammals have fur. Therefore, some dogs have fur.
D) All dogs have fur, and some mammals have fur. Therefore, some mammals are dogs.
E) All dogs are mammals, and some dogs have fur. Therefore, some mammals have fur.
OA :: D
The argument in the question and the argument in choice D both follow this form: All A are B, and some C are B; therefore, some C are A. As the following argument illustrates, this form is invalid: All birds have wings, and some insects have wings; therefore, some insects are birds.
Please provide ur reasonings. 6. The ancient city of Cephesa was not buried by an eruption of Mt. Amnos in A.D. 310, as some believe. The eruption in the year 310 damaged the city, but it did not destroy it. Cephesa survived for another century before it finally met its destruction in another eruption around A.D. 415. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the authors claim that the city of Cephesa was not buried by the eruption of Mt. Amnos in A.D. 310? (A) The city of Cephesa is mentioned in a historical work known to have been written in A.D. 400. (B) Coins bearing the image of an emperor who lived around A.D. 410 have been discovered in the ruins of Cephesa, which were preserved by the cinders and ashes that buried the city. (C) Geological evidence shows that the eruption of Mt. Amnos in A.D. 415 deposited a 10-foot-thick layer of lava on the city of Cephesa. (D) Artworks from the city of Cephesa have been found in the ruins of another city known to have been destroyed in A.D. 420 (E) A historical work written in A.D. 430 refers to the eruption of Mt. Amnos in A.D. 415.
Please provide ur reasonings 13. No nation can long survive unless its people are united by a common tongue. For proof, we need only consider Canada, which is being torn asunder by conflicts between French-speaking Quebec and the other provinces, which are dominated by English speakers. Which of the following, if true, most effectively challenges the authors conclusion? (A) Conflicts over language have led to violent clashes between the Basque-speaking minority in Spain and the Spanish-speaking majority. (B) Proposals to declare English the official language of the United States have met with resistance from members of Hispanic and other minority groups. (C) Economic and political differences, along with linguistic ones, have contributed to the provincial conflicts in Canada. (D) The public of India, in existence sine 1948, has a population that speaks hundreds of different, though related, languages (E) Switzerland has survived for nearly a thousand years as a home for speakers of three different languages.
14. As an experienced labor organizer and the former head of one of the nations most powerful labor unions, Grayson is an excellent choice to chair the new council on business-labor relations. Which of the following, if true, would most strengthen the conclusion above? (A) The new council must have the support of the nations labor leaders if it is to succeed. (B) During his years as a labor leader, Grayson established a record of good relations with business leaders. (C) The chair of the new council must be a person who can communicate directly with the leaders of the nations largest labor unions. (D) Most of the other members of the new council will be representatives of business management interests. (E) An understanding of the needs and problems of labor is the only qualification necessary for the job of chairing the new council.
Men have an easy time deciding how to dress on Casual Fridays because all they have to do is choose khakis over dress slacks and leave off the tie they would wear during the week. Women, on the other hand, have a much more difficult time determining what is casual but not too casual. Casual Friday should, therefore, be cancelled because it presents more difficulties for women than for men. Which of the following is most like the argument above in logical structure? Women on a road construction crew are frequently assigned non-labor intensive jobs such as holding traffic signs. This is sexual discrimination and should be stopped. Members of a country club are given first choice of tee times on the golf course. Members of the public who would like to play the course should also be given this treatment. Users of an open-source software program wishing to access to online technical support must submit personal information in order to register. Access to technical support should not require registration, as this is unfair to users wishing to remain anonymous. Full-time employees spend more hours in the office than part-time employees and have greater access to the sign-up sheet for Christmas vacation time. Because this is unfair, no employees will be given extra vacation time during Christmas.
OA is last option...this one is from some online test (GMAT CL UB) paper...
Calorie restriction, a diet high in nutrients but low in calories, is known to prolong the life of rats and mice by preventing heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other diseases. A six-month study of 48 moderately overweight people, who each reduced their calorie intake by at least 25 percent, demonstrated decreases in insulin levels and body temperature, with the greatest decrease observed in individuals with the greatest percentage change in their calorie intake. Low insulin level and body temperature are both considered signs of longevity, partly because an earlier study by other researchers found both traits in long-lived people. If the above statements are true, they support which of the following inferences? a. Calorie restriction produces similar results in humans as it does in rats and mice. b. Humans who reduce their calorie intake by at least 25 percent on a long-term basis will live longer than they would have had they not done so. c. Calorie intake is directly correlated to insulin level in moderately overweight individuals. d. Individuals with low insulin levels are healthier than individuals with high insulin levels. e. Some individuals in the study reduced their calorie intake by more than 25 percent
A shortage of orders for Manto Aircraft's airliners has led analysts to predict that the manufacturer will have to lay workers ,the new order that consolidated airlines has just made for 20 of Manto's model TX jets does not provide a reason for the analysts to revise their predictions ,because simultaneously with its new order , consolidated canceled its existing order for an equal number of manto's larger, more expensive model Z jets which of the following ,if true, most seriously weakens the argument? A. Manto relies more heavily on outside subcontractors to provide the labor to manufacture the Model Z than it does the Model TX B. The Manto employees who currently work to manufacture the model Z are Not proficient at manufacturing the model TX C. Manto includes all required maintenance work for the first five years in the price of each jet it sells . D. Manto has had to lay off workers several times within the past ten years but has typically rehired many of the workers when it subsequently received new orders E. A large number of the airliners in consolidated is fleet are at the beginning of their expected service life
A university should not be entitled to patent the inventions of its faculty members. Universities, as guarantors of intellectual freedom, should encourage the free flow of ideas and the general dissemination of knowledge. Yet a university that retains the right to patent the inventions of its faculty members has a motive to suppress information about a potentially valuable discovery until the patent for it has been secured. Clearly, suppressing information concerning such discoveries is incompatible with the university's obligation to promote the free flow of ideas.
The claim that a university should not be entitled to patent the inventions of its faculty members plays which one of the following roles in the argument? (A) It is the conclusion of the argument. (B) It is a principle from which the conclusion is derived. (C) It is an explicit assumption. (D) It is additional but nonessential information in support of one of the premises. (E) It is a claim that must be demonstrated to be false in order to establish the conclusion.
Instead of blaming an airline accident on pilot error, investigators should find out why the error was made by analyzing airplane design, airline management, and pilot-training programs. For only then can changes be made to ensure that the same type of error does not recur and cause another accident. Which of the following is a presupposition of the argument above? (A) Pilot error is not a contributing factor in most airline accidents. (B) Airline companies themselves should be the agents who investigate airline accidents. (C) Stricter government regulation of airline companies will make air travel significantly safer. (D) Investigators of airline accidents should contribute to the prevention of future accidents. (E) Most pilots who make errors in flying will repeat their errors unless they are retrained.
Because of the recent transformation of the market. Quore, Inc., must increase productivity, 10 percent over the course of the next two years, or it will certainly go bankrupt. In fact, however, Quore's production structure is such that if a 10 percent productivity increase is possible, then a 20 percent increase is attainable. If the statements above are true, which one of the following must on the basis of them also be true? (A) It is only Quore's production structure that makes it possible for Quore to survive the transformation of the market. (B) Quore will not go bankrupt if it achieves a productivity increase of 20 percent over the next two years. (C) If the market had not been transformed, Quore would have required no productivity increase in order to avoid bankruptcy. (D) Because of the transformation of the market, Quore will achieve a productivity increase of 10 percent over the next two years. (E) If a 20 percent productivity increase is unattainable for Quore, then it must go bankrupt.
Because of the recent transformation of the market. Quore, Inc., must increase productivity, 10 percent over the course of the next two years, or it will certainly go bankrupt. In fact, however, Quores production structure is such that if a 10 percent productivity increase is possible, then a 20 percent increase is attainable. If the statements above are true, which one of the following must on the basis of them also be true? (A) It is only Quores production structure that makes it possible for Quore to survive the transformation of the market. (B) Quore will not go bankrupt if it achieves a productivity increase of 20 percent over the next two years. (C) If the market had not been transformed, Quore would have required no productivity increase in order to avoid bankruptcy. (D) Because of the transformation of the market, Quore will achieve a productivity increase of 10 percent over the next two years. (E) If a 20 percent productivity increase is unattainable for Quore, then it must go bankrupt.
This is a FACT ONLY question...so belongs to family 1...->
Read the stimulus and then apply the information on the answers...
A) B) E) stands out...
B) perfect Truth...but not necessarily as we are lnot looking for this because even if it touchs 10%, it will not bankrupt..
A) my take
E), it comes out...if quore achieves 10%...20% is attainable....not sure had it been, if 20% is achieved, it will not go bankrupt, but its other way round...Not given
Calorie restriction, a diet high in nutrients but low in calories, is known to prolong the life of rats and mice by preventing heart disease, cancer, diabetes, and other diseases. A six-month study of 48 moderately overweight people, who each reduced their calorie intake by at least 25 percent, demonstrated decreases in insulin levels and body temperature, with the greatest decrease observed in individuals with the greatest percentage change in their calorie intake. Low insulin level and body temperature are both considered signs of longevity, partly because an earlier study by other researchers found both traits in long-lived people.
If the above statements are true, they support which of the following inferences?
a. Calorie restriction produces similar results in humans as it does in rats and mice. b. Humans who reduce their calorie intake by at least 25 percent on a long-term basis will live longer than they would have had they not done so. c. Calorie intake is directly correlated to insulin level in moderately overweight individuals. d. Individuals with low insulin levels are healthier than individuals with high insulin levels. e. Some individuals in the study reduced their calorie intake by more than 25 percent
my pick is C)...reason "with the greatest decrease observed in individuals with the greatest percentage change in their calorie intake"
A shortage of orders for Manto Aircraft's airliners has led analysts to predict that the manufacturer will have to lay workers ,the new order that consolidated airlines has just made for 20 of Manto's model TX jets does not provide a reason for the analysts to revise their predictions ,because simultaneously with its new order , consolidated canceled its existing order for an equal number of manto's larger, more expensive model Z jets which of the following ,if true, most seriously weakens the argument? A. Manto relies more heavily on outside subcontractors to provide the labor to manufacture the Model Z than it does the Model TX B. The Manto employees who currently work to manufacture the model Z are Not proficient at manufacturing the model TX C. Manto includes all required maintenance work for the first five years in the price of each jet it sells . D. Manto has had to lay off workers several times within the past ten years but has typically rehired many of the workers when it subsequently received new orders E. A large number of the airliners in consolidated is fleet are at the beginning of their expected service life
Family - 3: - Weaken
Facts/Premise: 1. A shortage of orders for Manto Aircraft's airliners 2. the new order that consolidated airlines has just made for 20 of Manto's model model TX 3. simultaneously with its new order , consolidated canceled its existing order for an equal number of manto's larger, more expensive model Z jets
Argument: Analysts predicts that the manufacturer will have to lay workers
Praprhasing reveals that, the flaw is that the demand has gone down for the high cost one but if the demand for low cost one continue to be the same, no need for laying off...
Lets take a bow on option-> B) - it supports the argument by saying that we can't switch the employees, hence need to lay off C) Huh...what the heck? D) Well, Okie..but so what if they rehire the people..Out of Scope E) Well, i can't make out anything from it...
from elimination -> A) has to be the answer...lets evaluate it..
Manto relies more heavily on outside subcontractors to provide the labor to manufacture the Model Z -The model with the demand gone down, but Manto doesn't produce it, so no effect on the current labor..
A university should not be entitled to patent the inventions of its faculty members. Universities, as guarantors of intellectual freedom, should encourage the free flow of ideas and the general dissemination of knowledge. Yet a university that retains the right to patent the inventions of its faculty members has a motive to suppress information about a potentially valuable discovery until the patent for it has been secured. Clearly, suppressing information concerning such discoveries is incompatible with the universitys obligation to promote the free flow of ideas.
The claim that a university should not be entitled to patent the inventions of its faculty members plays which one of the following roles in the argument? (A) It is the conclusion of the argument. (B) It is a principle from which the conclusion is derived. (C) It is an explicit assumption. (D) It is additional but nonessential information in support of one of the premises. (E) It is a claim that must be demonstrated to be false in order to establish the conclusion.
This one is the rarest among the lot but lets try..
Type: Method (The method of reasoning)
Switch back and forth to answer this one...from stimulus to stem
first question is what is the conclusion of this para:
"suppressing information concerning such discoveries is incompatible with the universitys obligation to promote the free flow of ideas."
General statement A university should not be entitled to patent the inventions of its faculty members.
WHY....? because of fact 1
Fact - 1: Universities, as guarantors of intellectual freedom, should encourage the free flow of ideas and the general dissemination of knowledge
"Counter" Fact -2:..note down the word YET a university that retains the right to patent the inventions of its faculty members has a motive to suppress information about a potentially valuable discovery until the patent for it has been secured
I hope it shall be easy now to kick some easy one out...
Call between D/E...
I will pick D..as even if i get rid of this information, everything holds true and this information is supporting fact-1/consequence of fact:1
Instead of blaming an airline accident on pilot error, investigators should find out why the error was made by analyzing airplane design, airline management, and pilot-training programs. For only then can changes be made to ensure that the same type of error does not recur and cause another accident. Which of the following is a presupposition of the argument above? (A) Pilot error is not a contributing factor in most airline accidents. (B) Airline companies themselves should be the agents who investigate airline accidents. (C) Stricter government regulation of airline companies will make air travel significantly safer. (D) Investigators of airline accidents should contribute to the prevention of future accidents. (E) Most pilots who make errors in flying will repeat their errors unless they are retrained.
good one...
between A/D/E... from underline portion, its evident to kick out A aswell...
between D & E...my take is E..if u supply this as an additional premise, you get to know that there is no point in reviewing the pilot error (don't get cofuse with A, i'm not talking here thfactor of it) cause they will repeat the error untill cause is found out and training program is changed accordingly
Because of the recent transformation of the market. Quore, Inc., must increase productivity, 10 percent over the course of the next two years, or it will certainly go bankrupt. In fact, however, Quores production structure is such that if a 10 percent productivity increase is possible, then a 20 percent increase is attainable. If the statements above are true, which one of the following must on the basis of them also be true? (A) It is only Quores production structure that makes it possible for Quore to survive the transformation of the market. -> only? who said that ...its nowhere mentioned in the question stem. (B) Quore will not go bankrupt if it achieves a productivity increase of 20 percent over the next two years. ->can the company go bankrupt because of any other reasons?Yes. (C) If the market had not been transformed, Quore would have required no productivity increase in order to avoid bankruptcy. -> x->y, this does not imply not X-> not Y (D) Because of the transformation of the market, Quore will achieve a productivity increase of 10 percent over the next two years. ->Dynamic world! who knows...Only God could tell if at all. (E) If a 20 percent productivity increase is unattainable for Quore, then it must go bankrupt. ->this is gold
ANSWER : E
The question tells us that because of recent transformation of the market, Quore needs to increase its productivity in the next 2 years else it will go bankrupt.
Also given is that if 10 percent productivity increase is possible in the production structure, then 20 percent increse is feasible.
.