Directions for questions: The passage given below is followed by a set of four questions. Choose the most appropriate answer to each question.
On the surface or manifest level, the story of Oedipus describes that figure's vain effort to elude the fate that has been imposed on him. Latently, however, Oedipus most wants to do what manifestly he least wants to do. He wants to act out his 'Oedipus Complex'. The manifest or literal level of the myth hides the latent, symbolic meaning. On the manifest level, Oedipus is the innocent victim of Fate. On the latent level, he is the culprit. Rightly understood, the myth depicts not Oedipus' failure to circumvent his ineluctable destiny but his success in fulfilling his fondest desires. Yet, the latent meaning scarcely stops here. For the myth is not ultimately about Oedipus at all. Just as the manifest level, on which Oedipus is the victim, masks a latent one, on which Oedipus is the victimizer, so that level in turn masks an even more latent one, on which the real victimizer is the myth-maker and any reader of the myth grabbed by it. Here the myth is about the fulfillment of the Oedipus complex in the male myth-maker or reader, who identifies himself with Oedipus and through him fulfils his own Oedipus Complex. At heart, the myth is not biography but autobiography. In whom does the Oedipus complex lie? To a degree, it lies in all adult males, none of whom has fully outgrown the desires that first arose in childhood. But the complex lies above all in neurotic adult males who are stuck, or fixated, at their Oedipal stage. For many reasons, they cannot fulfill their desires directly. Their parents may no longer be alive, or, if alive, may no longer be so intimidating or so alluring. Furthermore, surely, not even the most indulgent parents would readily consent. Any son who did succeed would likely get caught and punished. And the guilt felt for having killed the father whom one loved as much as hated, and for having forced oneself upon a resisting mother, would be overwhelming. But the biggest obstacle to the enactment of the complex is more fundamental. One does not know that the complex exists. It has been repressed.
Under these circumstances, myth provides the ideal kind of fulfillment. True, the outer layers of the myth hide its true meaning and thereby block fulfillment, but they simultaneously reveal that true meaning and thereby provide fulfillment. After all, on even the literal level Oedipus does kill his father and does have sex with his mother. He simply does so unintentionally. If, on the next level, it is Oedipus rather than the myth-maker or reader who acts intentionally, the action is still intentional. The level above therefore partly reveals, even as it partly hides, the meaning below. The true meaning always lies at the level below but is always conveyed by the level above. By identifying themselves with Oedipus, neurotic adult males secure a partial fulfillment of their own lingering Oedipal desires, but without becoming conscious of those desires. Myth thus constitutes a compromise between the side of oneself that wants the desires satisfied outright and the side that does not even want to know they exist. For Freud, myth functions through its meaning: myth vents Oedipal desires by presenting a story in which, symbolically, they are enacted.
Q1.Which of the following is true of Oedipus?
a.Oedipus laments about being a victim of fate whereas in reality he controlled what happened to him.
b.The myth of Oedipus casts him as an innocent victim of fate, but this was not true of the real Oedipus.
c.Oedipus did not realize that the acts he was destined to do were the very things that he really wanted.
d.The myth of Oedipus tells us that what he endeavored to do and what he was destined to do were the same things.
Q2.Which of the following can be said about the myth of Oedipus?
a.In the myth of Oedipus, the complex that enslaves him is too strong to fight against.
b.The myth of Oedipus is a celebration of the triumph of its protagonist over his destiny.
c.The myth of Oedipus is focused more on what he wanted to do than on what he was destined to do.
d.The myth of Oedipus has a fatalistic ring to it which leads the reader to mistakenly view Oedipus as a victim.
Q3.Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?
a.Readers of the Oedipus myth do not realize that they themselves are victims of the Oedipus complex.
b.The function of myths is to provide vicarious fulfillment of suppressed desires.
c.The real victimizer in the myth of Oedipus is any reader who fulfills his desires vicariously through Oedipus.
d.The second hand pleasure found in reading the myth of Oedipus is the real value of this myth.