I think Its option B, correct me if am wrong.
It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children's hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate.
I know this question can be answered by the process of elimination, but i want to know how the logical structure used in the question is similar to that of the answer.
Will post the answer later 😃
one more ...
Just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may one's carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of one's mind.
23.Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one's time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection.
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one's rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one's heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation.
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one's career falter at certain times of the year.
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one's personal concerns stand in the way of professional success.
Help me with this one puys
Some commentators complain that a "litigation explosion" in the past decade has led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product liability suits against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly on myth. Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional sympathy for an injured consumer.
Some commentators complain that a "litigation explosion" in the past decade has led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product liability suits against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly on myth. Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional sympathy for an injured consumer.
one more ...
Just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may ones carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of ones mind.
23. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may ones time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection.
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may ones rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may ones heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation.
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may ones career falter at certain times of the year.
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may ones personal concerns stand in the way of professional success.
My take on this one is option B......
What's the OA
Here are some i cudnt ger right. Puys! plz try 2 explain ur answers coz only ans are not gonna help.. I have the answers already...OAs later..
(1) Extinction is a process that can depend on a variety of ecological, geographical, and physiological variables. These variables affect different species of organisms in different ways, and should, therefore, yield a random pattern of extinctions. However, the fossil record shows that extinction occurs in a surprisingly definite pattern, with many species vanishing at the same time.
Which of the following, if true, forms the best basis for at least a partial explanation of the patterned extinctions revealed by the fossil record?
(A) Major episodes of extinction can result from widespread environmental disturbances that affect numerous different species. - describes how a large spread extinction can take place clearly.
(B) Certain extinction episodes selectively affect organisms with particular sets of characteristics unique to their species. - This is half-truth .. because of the use of the word certain extinction.
(C) Some species become extinct because of accumulated gradual changes in their local environments. - Some species become extinct gives u a partial answer, so can eliminate this one.
(D) In geologically recent times, for which there is no fossil record, human intervention has changed the pattern of extinctions. - Recent times is not the issue, so eliminate this and moreoever human intervention has not been discussed, its too specific to give a reason for extinction.
(E) Species that are widely dispersed are the least likely to become extinct. - The focus is on species and not on the factors for extinction, so you can eliminate this one too.
(2). Neither a rising standard of living nor balanced trade, by itself, establishes a countrys ability to compete in the international marketplace. Both are required simultaneously since standards of living can rise because of growing trade deficits and trade can be balanced by means of a decline in a countrys standard of living.
If the facts stated in the passage above are true, a proper test of a countrys ability to be competitive is its ability to
(A) balance its trade while its standard of living rises - Dont know how to explain this cuz its more or less self-evident.
(B) balance its trade while its standard of living falls
(C) increase trade deficits while its standard of living rises
(D) decrease trade deficits while its standard of living falls
(E) keep its standard of living constant while trade deficits rise
(3) Which of the following best completes the passage below?
At a recent conference on environmental threats to the North Sea, most participating countries favored uniform controls on the quality of effluents, whether or not specific environmental damage could be attributed to a particular source of effluent. What must, of course, be shown, in order to avoid excessively restrictive controls, is that______
(A) any uniform controls that are adopted are likely to be implemented without delay - 'delay' talks abt the timeframe, which is not the central issue of the topic.
(B) any substance to be made subject to controls can actually cause environmental damage - clearly discusses and logically answers the issue being discussed in the argument.
(C) the countries favoring uniform controls are those generating the largest quantities of effluents - focus is on countries producing largest quantities and this does not explain how one can avoid excessively restrictive controls.
(D) all of any given pollutant that is to be controlled actually reaches the North Sea at present - All of ..... makes the option too extreme
(E) environmental damage already inflicted on the North Sea is reversible - once again too extreme, and also doesnot explain anything about avoiding excessive restrictive controls
(4) One analyst predicts that Hong Kong can retain its capitalist ways after it becomes part of mainland China in 1997 as long as a capitalist Hong Kong is useful to China; that a capitalist Hong Kong will be useful to China as long as Hong Kong is prosperous; and that Hong Kong will remain prosperous as long as it retains its capitalist ways.
If the predictions above are correct, which of the following further predictions can logically be derived from them?
(A) If Hong Kong fails to stay prosperous, it will no longer remain part of mainland China. - if HK fails to stay prosperous, then it will no longer be capitalist .. distorts the information
(B) If Hong Kong retains its capitalist ways until 1997, it will be allowed to do so afterward. - Only option that suggests something logical related to the argument. Look at other arguments and come back to this.
(C) If there is a world economic crisis after 1997, it will not adversely affect the economy of Hong Kong. - world economic crisis ... Irrelevant
(D) Hong Kong will be prosperous after 1997. - Irrelevant
(E) The citizens of Hong Kong will have no restrictions placed on them by the government of mainland China. Citizens is the main focus here, therefore Irrelevant
My options are as Follows
A A B B
Cheers !!
It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children's hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate.
I know this question can be answered by the process of elimination, but i want to know how the logical structure used in the question is similar to that of the answer.
Will post the answer later :)
My take for this one... wtz OA !!!
one more ...
Just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may one's carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of one's mind.
23.Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may one's time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection.
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may one's rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may one's heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation.
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may one's career falter at certain times of the year.
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may one's personal concerns stand in the way of professional success.
I'd go with for this one.... OA pl... :)
Help me with this one puys
Some commentators complain that a "litigation explosion" in the past decade has led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product liability suits against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly on myth. Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional sympathy for an injured consumer.
My take for this.... OA pl ...
It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the childrens hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate.
I know this question can be answered by the process of elimination, but i want to know how the logical structure used in the question is similar to that of the answer.
Will post the answer later :)
one more ...
Just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may ones carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of ones mind.
23. Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may ones time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection.
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may ones rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may ones heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation.
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may ones career falter at certain times of the year.
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may ones personal concerns stand in the way of professional success.
My ans in BOLD..
1. A-> doesnt have any logical error.
B->cause: genetic mutation
Effect : birth defect, no logical error
C-> cause:complex structure
effect: emmense power, no logical error
E-> cause: heating
effect: evaporation, clearly no logical error
D-> cause: gov civic minded
effect: donation to orchestra.
It clearly highlights a logical error here coz the effect may be due to some other cause ie orchestra might have got more funds this time because of gov's civic mind. It cant be necessarily inferred the vice versa.
Help me with this one puys
Some commentators complain that a litigation explosion in the past decade has led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product liability suits against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly on myth. Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional sympathy for an injured consumer.
Ans in BOLD.. just on d basis of POE..
one more ...
Just as a bicycle chain may be too tight, so may ones carefulness and conscientiousness be so tense as to hinder the running of ones mind.
23.Which one of the following most closely parallels the reasoning used in the argument above?
(A) Just as a clock may be wound too tightly, so may ones time be spent fruitlessly in the pursuit of perfection.
(B) Just as a carousel may spin too quickly, so may ones rapid concentration on several problems prevent a resolution of difficulties.
(C) Just as a machine may be oiled too much, so may ones heavy drinking of alcoholic beverages lead to complete dissipation.
(D) Just as a raging river may be frozen into stillness during the winter, so may ones career falter at certain times of the year.
(E) Just as a boxer may become too tense before a big fight, so may ones personal concerns stand in the way of professional success.
I will go with option E for the above CR
It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the childrens hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate.
I know this question can be answered by the process of elimination, but i want to know how the logical structure used in the question is similar to that of the answer.
Will post the answer later :)
I will go with option E for the above CR
Help me with this one puys
Some commentators complain that a litigation explosion in the past decade has led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product liability suits against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly on myth. Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional sympathy for an injured consumer.
I will go with option 1 for the above CR
Help me with this one puys
Some commentators complain that a litigation explosion in the past decade has led to unreasonably high costs for U.S. businesses by encouraging more product liability suits against manufacturers. However, these complaints are based mainly on myth. Statistics show that the number of successful product liability suits has remained almost the same, and the average sum awarded in damages has grown no faster than the inflation rate.
Which of the following, if true, would most weaken the argument above?
(A) The number of unsuccessful suits has skyrocketed, imposing huge new legal expenses on businesses.
(B) Several of the largest awards ever made in product liability cases occurred within the last two years.
(C) The rise of the consumer movement has encouraged citizens to seek legal redress for product flaws.
(D) Lawyers often undertake product liability cases on a contingency basis, so their payment is based on the size of the damages awarded.
(E) Juries often award damages in product liability suits out of emotional sympathy for an injured consumer.
Yeah ...the OA is indeed option A....
It is illogical to infer a second and different effect from a cause which is known only by one particular effect. This is incorrect because the inferred effect must necessarily be produced by some different characteristic of the cause than is the observed effect, which already serves entirely to describe the cause.
Which one of the following arguments makes the same logical error as the one described by the author in the passage?
(A) An anonymous donor gave a thousand dollars to our historical society. I would guess that that individual also volunteers at the children's hospital.
(B) The radioactive material caused a genetic mutation, which, in turn, caused the birth defect. Therefore, the radioactive material caused the birth defect.
(C) The tiny, unseen atom is the source of immense power. It must be its highly complex structure that produces this power.
(D) The city orchestra received more funds from the local government this year than ever before. Clearly this administration is more civic-minded than previous ones.
(E) If I heat water, which is a liquid, it evaporates. If I heat hundreds of other liquids like water, they evaporate. Therefore, if I heat any liquid like water, it will evaporate.
I know this question can be answered by the process of elimination, but i want to know how the logical structure used in the question is similar to that of the answer.
Will post the answer later :)
IMO answer is E
It clearly follows the same logic provided in the argument.
The Earths rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earths oceans can be accurately estimated.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earths oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.
B. At any given time, all the Earths rivers have about the same salt levels.
C. There are salts that leach into the Earths oceans directly from the ocean floor.
D. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earths oceans.
E. None of the salts carried into the Earths oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.
I'm stuck between A and E! I feel A is right, but one of the forums says as E as final ans!
The Earth's rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earth's oceans can be accurately estimated.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earth's oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.
B. At any given time, all the Earth's rivers have about the same salt levels.
C. There are salts that leach into the Earth's oceans directly from the ocean floor.
D. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earth's oceans.
E. None of the salts carried into the Earth's oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.
I'm stuck between A and E! I feel A is right, but one of the forums says as E as final ans!
My ans is E..
A-> why to base your assumtion on past 100 yrs deposition???How it makes to change your choice if the deposition is large in past 100 yrs???
rest b, c, d, are out of scope.
E->This assumption will clearly lead to stated conclusion.Try to think on the line what will happen if the salt deposited by the rivers over the centuries was depleted by biological or any other means ??? Will you be able to predict the life of oceans on the basis of salt depositionin this case???.. i dont think so
The Earths rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earths oceans can be accurately estimated.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earths oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.
B. At any given time, all the Earths rivers have about the same salt levels.
C. There are salts that leach into the Earths oceans directly from the ocean floor.
D. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earths oceans.
E. None of the salts carried into the Earths oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.
I'm stuck between A and E! I feel A is right, but one of the forums says as E as final ans!
I wud go with option A cos if the salt increase was considerably high in the past 100yrs then it q the methodology.
The Earths rivers constantly carry dissolved salts into its oceans. Clearly, therefore, by taking the resulting increase in salt levels in the oceans over the past hundred years and then determining how many centuries of such increases it would have taken the oceans to reach current salt levels from a hypothetical initial salt-free state, the maximum age of the Earths oceans can be accurately estimated.
Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?
A. The quantities of dissolved salts deposited by rivers in the Earths oceans have not been unusually large during the past hundred years.
B. At any given time, all the Earths rivers have about the same salt levels.
C. There are salts that leach into the Earths oceans directly from the ocean floor.
D. There is no method superior to that based on salt levels for estimating the maximum age of the Earths oceans.
E. None of the salts carried into the Earths oceans by rivers are used up by biological activity in the oceans.
I'm stuck between A and E! I feel A is right, but one of the forums says as E as final ans!
My answer marked above.
A - If the salts have been unusually high in the rivers in the past 100 years then that can be attributed in the calculations of the age of the oceans.
B - Irrelevant
C - No such information provided and even if such a data is available, then those can be considered in the equations. it is not an assumption in any way.
D - Irrelevant
E - Correctly identifies the assumption without which no empirical formulas can be derived. And the consumption of salts by aquatic life cannot be estimated, therefore it has to be the assumption.